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Cyprus has a long history, with evidence of human habitation dating back as far as

the 10th millennium BC. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been

hunter-gatherers who crossed over to the island from the nearby regions of the

Middle East.

The first major wave of civilization in Cyprus was during the Neolithic period,

around 7000-6000 BC, when farming communities began to develop. The Bronze

Age, which started around 2500 BC, brought significant advancements in

metallurgy and commerce.

Cyprus has since been occupied by a series of different civilizations including the

Mycenaean Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arab caliphates, French

Lusignan, Venetians, Ottoman Turks, and British.

The Neolithic period on Cyprus, also known as the New Stone Age, is

characterized by significant advancements in human technology and culture. It's

believed to have started around 8200-7000 BC and lasted until about 3900 BC,

spanning the Aceramic (without pottery) and Ceramic (with pottery) Neolithic

periods.

In the Aceramic Neolithic period (8200-5200 BC), Cyprus saw its first permanent

human settlements. The inhabitants lived in round houses and survived mainly by

hunting, gathering, and fishing. The Khirokitia culture is a well-known example of

this period, with a well-preserved archaeological site that has provided a great

deal of information about the early settlers' way of life. The Khirokitia people are

known for their innovative architecture, including stone round houses, which were

often partially buried in the ground for insulation.

The Ceramic Neolithic period (ca. 4500-3900 BC) marked the introduction of

pottery, more sophisticated tools, and the beginnings of agriculture. The Sotira

culture is a significant group from this period. During this time, Cyprus had

significant interactions with the surrounding regions, especially the Levantine

coast, as evidenced by the commonality in certain types of pottery and other

artifacts.

Despite being an island, Cyprus had a rich Neolithic culture that closely mirrored

the major developments happening on the mainland at the same time. The

evidence of these ancient cultures provides invaluable insights into the human

journey from hunter-gatherers to settled farming communities.

The Copper Age, also known as the Chalcolithic Age, in Cyprus is believed to have

begun around 3900 BC and continued until the advent of the Bronze Age around

2500 BC. This period is characterized by the development and use of copper, in

addition to stone, for tools and other items.

While farming continued to be the primary source of sustenance during the

Copper Age, the inhabitants of Cyprus began to master the smelting and working

of copper, which was abundant on the island. This allowed for the production of

more durable tools, weapons, and other objects, facilitating a significant

advancement in technology.

The Cypriot Chalcolithic period is also noted for the production of distinctively

decorated pottery, and for the beginning of trade relations with the surrounding

regions. Artifacts from this period, such as cruciform figurines, plank-shaped

figurines, and pottery with complex incised decoration, show a sophistication in

their craftsmanship. These artifacts indicate that society was becoming more

complex, with the development of new rituals and social norms.

In terms of settlement, people during this period tended to live in small villages,

usually built on hills, which allowed them to easily defend themselves. The

architecture was simple, generally featuring round or rectangular houses.

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