Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the four main risks associated with stage 3 CKD (eGFR 45-60 ml/min). These risks include cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, medication toxicity & progression.

In this podcast on chronic kidney disease, Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the introduction of both ACE & SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with raised A:C ratios.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition of Chronic Kidney Disease and whether a low eGFR is a disease of itself or a risk factor for end-stage renal disease. He will also discuss what to do with an incidental finding of an eGFR of < 60 ml/min or an A:C ratio > 3.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss migraine in adolescents, migraine in pregnancy & migraine with aura as a risk factor for stroke.

In this podcast on migraine Dr Paul Ryan will discuss medication overuse headache & migraine prophylaxis treatments.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the role of triptans in treating migraine. He will discuss the rule of using just one triptan per migraine attack and the role of triptans in menstrual migraine. He will also discuss the treatment options available when patients fail to respond to treatment with triptans.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the acute treatment of migraine and the role of aspirin & NSAIDs in this treatment. He will also discuss monotherapy and combination therapy. Finally, he will discuss how to treat patients with migraine & who are vomiting.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss, follow-up target BP readings in patients being treated for hypertension. He will also discuss the target BP for the majority of patients being < 140/90mmHg and how clinical HBPM & ABPM clinical readings can be used in follow-up.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the diagnosis & stages of a migraine and also the trigger factors for migraine and how to reduce these factors.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss stage 3 hypertension and hypertension in patients 80 years of age and older.