What happens when preachers and Christians quote Scriptures out of context? Can Bible promises be personalised?

One of the most basic rules of biblical hermeneutics (or Bible interpretation) is to understand a Scripture contextually. This is important because using a Bible passage out of context can lead to error and misunderstanding.

However, did the apostles and Jesus Himself quote verses out of context?

Can we personalise Rom 8:28 or Phil 4:13 for ourselves, if we are not suffering hardships in prison like Paul?

Can we personalise the following Bible passages as promises for our lives?
Jer 29:11? 
Jer 33:3? 
Josh 1:9?
Psalm 23?
Num 6:22-2?