Rays and Waves

Virtual, augmented, mixed, and extended reality form a proverbial alphabet soup of near-eye display technologies, each offering varying degrees of immersion and unique optical challenges. Before these futuristic displays reach our eyes, they rely on decades of foundational semiconductor history, precision microdisplays, and rigorous optical engineering.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Karl Guttag, a living legend in semiconductor design and the voice behind KGOnTech, the premier blog for near-eye technology analysis. Recognized as Texas Instruments’ youngest-ever TI Fellow, an inventor on over 150 U.S. patents, and a founder of multiple tech companies, Karl is widely known today as the "Truth-Teller of AR Displays."

Karl’s engineering fingerprints are all over computing history. We explore his remarkable hard pivot from building foundational graphics hardware to mastering optics and microdisplays, as well as his perspective as one of the industry's most rigorous and pragmatic watchdogs.

This conversation dives into the past, present, and future of near-eye tech, hardware engineering, and what it really takes to bring functional AR and VR displays to life.

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During a lung biopsy, physicians must navigate a needle to a suspected lesion deep within the body, often with limited visibility of the tissue directly in front of the needle tip. What if they could see exactly where they were before taking the sample?

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Reza Khorasani, Founder and CEO of LEADOPTIK. During his postdoctoral work in Federico Capasso's group at Harvard, Reza helped pioneer metaoptics and metalenses through several influential research contributions. Today, he is bringing those innovations into the clinic through needle-based optical imaging systems that combine Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and advanced metaoptics to provide real-time visualization during lung biopsies.

We explore the optical engineering behind this remarkable technology, the challenges of translating cutting-edge research into medical devices, and Reza's journey from academia to building a fast-growing medtech startup with the potential to improve cancer diagnostics and patient outcomes.

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While massive interferometers orbit the earth or span kilometers to detect gravitational waves, the real workhorses of optical metrology live quietly on the benches of optical labs and manufacturing floors worldwide. These instruments are not measuring black hole mergers, but they are the reason the high-performance optics inside our semiconductors, aerospace systems, and consumer electronics actually work.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Xavier Colonna De Lega, Director of the Innovations Group at Zygo. Since the early 1970s, Zygo has been so central to the field of optical metrology that its name has become practically synonymous with interferometry itself.

Xavier has spent his career shaping the instruments that verify the modern world’s most precise components. We explore the evolution of industrial metrology, how Zygo has scaled specialized research into essential production tools, and what it takes to measure surface flatness down to a fraction of a wavelength. It is a deep dive into the practical engineering that bridges the gap between theoretical optical design and large-scale manufacturing.

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A pair of binoculars might be the closest thing to a superpower you can buy. That is how a friend once described them while gifting a pair to his wife, and it is easy to see why.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven explore the surprisingly rich optical engineering behind binoculars. From magnification and aperture to prisms, coatings, and color performance, we follow the history of binoculars.

What seems simple is full of clever design trade‑offs. This episode connects everyday optics to fundamental engineering principles, revealing why small choices make a big difference in how we see the world.

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From Hubble’s breathtaking images to the deep infrared view of the James Webb Space Telescope, space-based observatories have transformed how we see the universe. They reveal black holes, probe dark energy, trace the birth of stars, and even let us study the atmospheres of distant planets, pushing astronomy into entirely new territory.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Lee Feinberg, a true veteran of space telescope engineering. Lee joined NASA during the Hubble era and played a key role in diagnosing and correcting its original optical flaw, helping restore one of the most important scientific instruments ever built.

Lee then went on to spend more than two decades on the James Webb Space Telescope as Optical Telescope Element Manager. We explore the critical decisions that shaped Webb, from selecting beryllium for its segmented primary mirror to developing new ways to test a deployable telescope at cryogenic temperatures, as well as the "cup up" optical test configuration that made full system testing possible on the ground.

This conversation dives into the optical engineering behind humanity’s most ambitious telescopes and what it takes to build instruments capable of looking back to the earliest moments of the universe.

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Outro music by Lee Feinberg and fellow NASA engineers. Recorded back in the 90s!

In a quiet laboratory, bursts of ultrafast laser light are etching humanity’s information deep inside glass, layer by layer, voxel by voxel. Long after today’s hard drives and magnetic tapes have failed, this glass may still faithfully preserve our data, readable thousands of years into the future.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven dive into Microsoft Research’s Project Silica with their Senior Optical Engineer James Clegg. This is an ambitious effort to redefine cold data storage using focused femtosecond lasers. By writing information as sub‑micron, laser‑induced modifications to optical properties in hundreds of stacked layers, Project Silica turns glass into a truly three‑dimensional memory medium. These tiny structures are projected to remain stable for over 10,000 years and can be read out at any time using wide‑field microscopy combined with powerful machine‑learning algorithms.

Our conversation explores the physics behind laser‑matter interactions, the optical engineering challenges of writing and reading data in three dimensions, and what it takes to scale such a radical storage technology. We also discuss why long‑term archival storage matters, how this approach compares to traditional media, and what it means to build technology with millennia‑long time horizons.

Project Silica has been under development at Microsoft for nearly a decade, and the team recently published a comprehensive open‑access Nature paper detailing this remarkable achievement: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10042-w

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Outro music is Aranas Ananas with James Clegg on drums!

1.3 billion years ago, two black holes collided in a distant galaxy, sending ripples through the fabric of spacetime. On September 14, 2015, those ripples finally reached Earth and humanity detected gravitational waves for the very first time.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Dr. Gabriele Vajente, Deputy Head of Systems Science and Engineering at LIGO, who was a postdoc on the project during that historic detection. For more than fifteen years, Gabriele has been at the center of the groundbreaking technologies and discoveries that have opened an entirely new window on the universe.

We explore how LIGO’s exquisitely sensitive instruments can measure distortions thousands of times smaller than a proton, the optical engineering innovations that make it possible, and what gravitational-wave astronomy reveals about some of the most violent events in the cosmos. At the heart of it all are the people like Gabriele who’ve dedicated decades to pushing physics and engineering to their limits.

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In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven take a nostalgic dive back into the world where they both began their scientific journeys: optical tweezers. These remarkable tools, using tightly focused laser beams to exert forces and torques on microscopic objects, have transformed how we manipulate cells, DNA, bacteria, and so much more. Their invention by Arthur Ashkin in 1986 ultimately earned him the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics, and today, optical manipulation stands as a thriving field with thousands of active researchers.

Our guest is one of its true pioneers. For more than four decades, Halina Rubinsztein‑Dunlop has been at the forefront of exploring how light can push, twist, and guide matter. Her work spans quantum optics, optically driven micromachines, and cutting‑edge applications in biological systems. Her impact has been recognized at the highest levels, including the SPIE Gold Medal (the society’s most prestigious honor), and she will soon serve as an SPIE Director for the 2026–2028 term.

Halina is also a powerful advocate for women in science, a topic we excitedly dive into during our conversation.

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When we think about optical systems, lenses and light often steal the spotlight. But behind every high-performance optical instrument lies a critical foundation: Optomechanics. From precision mounts to thermal stability, the mechanical design determines whether an optical system performs flawlessly or fails spectacularly.

In this episode of Rays and Waves, Daniel and Steven sit down with Nathan Wallace, an optomechanical expert from Optikos, to explore the art and science of building the structures that hold optics together. We dive into why optomechanics is more than just “hardware,” how tolerances and alignment drive system performance, and what it takes to design for environments ranging from factory floors to outer space.

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The current narrative is that Artificial Intelligence is reshaping industries at breakneck speed. Is optics no exception? In this special episode of Rays and Waves Daniel and Steven host the show's very first panel discussion! They bring together six experts from across the optics landscape to try to understand: How will AI change optical engineering?

From accelerating lens design to enabling smarter photonic systems, AI promises breakthroughs but also raises big questions about trust, transparency, and the role of human expertise.

The panel consists of Craig Olsen, Jenny Atwood, Erin Elliot, Akil Bhagat, Cory Boone, and Roinan Siew, and they cover the opportunities and challenges that come with integrating AI into optical workflows.

Stuff mentioned in the episode:

• Material Craig mentioned Ronian sent out: Future of optical system and lens design in the AI era

• The effect Craig mentions is Gell-Mann amnesia effect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann_amnesia_effect)

If you enjoy the show, share it with your colleagues, subscribe, and leave us a review! Got thoughts or questions? Reach out at [email protected]

Intro music is Good Vibe by Twisterium. Thanks for the great tunes!