Berkeley returns from England to find the Powhatan War mismanaged.  Calvert returns from Virginia to reinstate Maryland's Proprietary government.  But ... the last remaining Royalist port, Bristol, falls, an event which spells trouble for all American colonies, not just Royalist ones.  Also, Opechancanough is murdered.  

Richard Ingle returns to Maryland to lead a revolt which topples Maryland's Catholic leadership, and steals everything they own.  Fathers White and Copley return to England as prisoners, and Calvert escapes to Virginia.  

Congregationalists seize control of Bermuda's government and Church, imposing an era of oppression of the colony's Royalists/Anglicans and Presbyterians.  The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins, and William Claiborne and Richard Ingle join forces for an attack on Maryland.  Plus, we briefly discuss the life of Thomas Rolfe, son of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.    

Deputies clash with magistrates and Presbyterians with Congregationalists, resulting in Massachusetts's most heated political battle since 1636, and leading John Winthrop to give his famous "Little Speech on Liberty."  

ANNOUNCEMENT: I'm planning to change the name of this podcast, either to "American Origins" or "Rejects & Revolutionaries."   Richard Ingle is arrested for treason in Maryland, Virginia starts kicking out Puritans, Barbados takes a unique approach to avoiding factional conflict, and Barbados colonist James Drax asks the Dutch for help cultivating sugar.  

In 1643, the debate between the deputies and the magistrates intensified in Massachusetts, and puritans in both old and New England debated the merits of Presbyterianism and Congregationalism.  The fundamental issue underlying both controversies was how far the revolution should go.  Should England retain an aristocratic hierarchy, or move toward democracy?  

A brief overview of the events leading to civil war in England, plus Americans' initial responses to developments in their home country.  

This episode is identical to the last episode, but because I'd uploaded a truncated file the last time, and the file change itself can cause some technical glitches, I'm just re-uploading this as a whole new episode.  This one will expire at the end of the month.    

An overview of what English America looked like before war started in 1642, including a brief introduction to the foundation of the earliest successful Caribbean colonies.  

The final collapse of the Providence Island project, plus reflections on the end of this era of American history, and how Providence Island contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War.