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For adults in their 40s, sarcopenia is hardly noticeable—about 3% muscle mass is lost each decade. However, for those aged 65 years and older, muscle decline can become much more rapid, with an average loss of 1% muscle mass per year.

More importantly, sarcopenia is also marked by a decrease in strength, impaired gait, reduced physical activity and difficulty completing simple everyday tasks such walking, sitting down and standing up unaided.

The Future

The proportion of older adults aged 65+ is projected to more than double by the year 2060, this is driving research into the process of musculoskeletal decline.

Researchers at Colorado State University's Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging believe they have found an animal model that will help them better understand it and find ways to limit the symptoms.

The study, published in Frontiers in Physiology: Striated Muscle in October, is an example of using comparative medicine to understand human diseases and conditions.

Animal Models

Scientists often rely on animal models to mimic disease progression and study the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.

However, until now, no animal model has been able to fully capture all aspects of human musculoskeletal aging.

Karyn Hamilton

Karyn Hamilton, a professor in the Colorado State University's Department of Health and Exercise Science, and associate director at the Center for Healthy Aging said "Existing pre-clinical models either rely on unloading the muscle, meaning mimicking bedrest in an animal, or they must wait until the animals get really, really old, and even then they don't really get the same muscle aging phenotype as people do."

Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig

In their work, Hamiliton's team found that the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig was a good candidate for a muscle aging model due to the animal's tendency to develop osteoarthritis at a young age.

The two conditions, osteoarthritis and sarcopenia, seem to be linked in humans; with advancing age, skeletal muscle dysfunction increases the risk for osteoarthritis, and osteoarthritis increases the risk for further muscle decline.

Hamilton’s team

Hamilton teamed up with Dr. Kelly Santangelo—an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology at CSU, who has been studying primary osteoarthritis in Hartley guinea pigs for many years, also Associate Professor Raoul Reiser, also in Department of Health and Exercise Science, to understand how skeletal muscle changes as osteoarthritis progresses in guinea pigs.

The team hypothesized that those muscle changes may mimic human musculoskeletal aging.

Classic signs

Muscle composition also changes with age: fast-twitch fibers, which are larger and capable of exerting stronger forces, decrease in number, and slow-twitch fibers, which are smaller and less metabolically efficient, tend to increase.

Generally, when people "lose muscle mass," it's the large, fast-twitch fibers that are affected, also with decreasing muscle mass tends to come an increase in fat mass.

 As humans age, it may be that maintaining muscle function is more important than preventing loss of mass, so does this mean weight training and functional exercise as opposed to just bulking up with muscle? As an aside, I know many body builders who have plenty of muscle, but have a pondered gait and can’t scratch behind their neck.

Statement by Hamilton

"What we've learned over the decades is that age-related loss of muscle mass and age-related loss of muscle function don't always go hand in hand, you can do things to improve muscle mass, and you might not get an improvement in muscle function; you can do things to improve muscle function and may not get an increase in muscle mass."

Comparisons

The researchers compared muscle changes observed in Hartley guinea pigs with those in Strain 13 guinea pigs; Strain 13 guinea pigs tend to develop osteo-arthritis later in their lifespan and, therefore, might not exhibit the same classic signs of muscle aging.

They found some striking similarities to human muscle aging, such as a decrease in muscle density, likely due to an increase in fat mass.

While a decrease in muscle mass was not noted, researchers did find a shift toward smaller, slow-twitch muscle fibers, as is expected in human muscle with advancing age.

Hamilton

"If you look at the overall picture, we think that some of the key things that always happen with human muscle aging—that shift toward a less powerful, slower-twitch muscle phenotype—are quite clearly modeled in the Hartley guinea pigs. And we believe that if we started looking at even older guinea pigs, we might see more of the things that people think of as classic sarcopenia."

Future Directions

This study now provides a baseline that allows the team to take multiple directions in future research.

One direction will be to employ functional tests to study how muscle strength and gait, or mobility change with age in the Hartley guinea pigs, and how these changes mimic the deterioration of muscle function in aging humans.

 A priority will be to identify if Hartley guinea pigs can be a valuable translational model for identifying interventions that show promise for preventing or slowing the decline in overall musculoskeletal function in aging in humans.

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