Researching Transit

In this episode Prof Graham Currie talks to Christian Wolmar, a prolific author and journalist specialising in transport and railway history. Christian studied economics at Warwick University, but after graduating in 1971 began a career as a journalist. In 1992 he became the transport correspondent at The Independent newspaper. He has since written over 20 books and is a regular contributor to The Times, The Guardian and many other publications.

At the start of this episode Graham and Christian briefly discuss the importance of the railways: in wartime; in providing support for city development and growth; and in binding nations together. They talk about how the transcontinental railway had a role in uniting the states of America, and how the trans-Siberian railway linked east and west. Christian’s book “Are Trams Socialist?” is also discussed in the episode, and Christian relates how the book is about public transit and roads being seen as competitors rather than components of the same transport system. Using higher capacity modes, trams and trains rather than cars, to move people around in dense urban environments is an obvious solution. However, as Christian highlights, the reality is that most cities have done away with their (historical) tram networks, and now face challenges related to traffic congestion.

Later in the episode, Graham and Christian discuss his book “Driverless Car: A road to nowhere”. Christian talks about: how the technical issues of autonomous vehicles are enormous; why the shared-use model appears to be flawed; and how semi-autonomous vehicles raise safety concerns. He also outlines “the Holborn problem”. This relates to how autonomous vehicles might never be able to get through busy areas (like that around Holborn station in London, UK) because, along the lines of Asimov’s three laws of robotics, driverless cars will always have to stop for pedestrians. Hence, anyone might be able to stop any car at any time, simply by stepping into the street.

Graham notes that Christian’s journalism and writing is informed by research, but may often be closer to asking the real questions than texts coming from academia, which might tend to have a narrower focus. Along similar lines, Christian discusses his current book project about the importance of railways for the WW2 D-Day landings, and how this topic is often overlooked by historians. The book will also discuss how the British and USA railway networks were vital for the movement of troops and supplies, and as a component of the wartime logistics systems.

Find out more about Christian and his work at:

https://www.christianwolmar.co.uk

https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8957703600

https://markwalkerg.podbean.com/

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In this episode Dr James Reynolds talks to Andrew Nash about implementing priority for buses and trams in Zurich, Switzerland. Mr Nash is a Senior Researcher at the St Pölten University of Applied Sciences in Austria. He is also a Lecturer at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and a widely published transport researcher

The episode starts with a brief discussion of Mr Nash’s background in transportation and politics. This includes him having stood for election to the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Board of Directors. It is this history of involvement in the politics of transport that has helped shape Mr Nash’s interest in researching implementation, including that of the Citizen’s Transit Priority Initiative in Zurich.

The Citizen’s Transit Priority Initiative provided funding and a mandate to prioritise buses and trams in the City of Zurich. It was passed by voters in a 1977 ballot, having been submitted by members of the public after a proposal to build an underground (metro) system was rejected by the electorate in 1973. Approximately 20 years ago, Mr Nash undertook a research project into the Citizen’s Transit Priority Initiative. He and Dr Reynolds initially discuss this research, how the Initiative has led to much success for Zurich’s transit system, and the lessons that can be applied to implementing transit priority in other cities.

Mr Nash has recently revisited the topic of Zurich in a new paper written with Professor Dr Francesco Corman and Professor Dr. Thomas Sauter-Servaes. In the latter part of this episode he and Dr Reynolds discuss the motivation for looking at Zurich again now, and the city’s current efforts to prioritise transit and improve conditions for other road users. The discussion also touches on the political challenges of reallocating road space, and how experimenting with trials and pop-ups can help demonstrate and build support for change.

Find out more about Andrew Nash and his work at:

His website https://andynash.com/

In his 2003 paper on Implementing Zurich’s Transit Priority Program https://www.andynash.com/nash-publications/Nash2003-ZRH-PTpriority-TRR-1835.pdf

and In his 2020 paper revisiting Zurich https://www.andynash.com/nash-publications/2020-Nash-Zurich%20Transit%20Priority%20-%20TRA2020-30092019_Nash.pdf

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This is the fifteenth episode in Researching Transit’s Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode Professor Graham Currie talks to Professor Jeff Brown and Dr Joel Mendez about funding public transport. Professor Brown is from the College of Social Sciences & Public Policy at Florida State University. He is Department Chair, Associate Dean for Strategic Initiatives and the Interim Associate Dean for Research at the Department of Urban & Regional Planning. Dr Mendez is Assistant Professor at the University of Kansas’ Urban Planning Program.

The episode starts with a brief discussion of Professor Brown’s background in transportation finance and policy, planning history, and public transport. He talks about how he got into research and early work with Donald Shoup on using unlimited transit passes to help reduce parking demand at universities. Professor Brown also discusses his research on streetcars and the influences on US cities to invest in this mode.

Professor Currie then talks to Dr Joel Mendez about his background and research about equity and public transport, including recent work about a zero fare policy in Kansas. This is followed by a discussion about the eleventh chapter of the Handbook of Public Transport Research: Paying for public transport, which was authored by Dr Mendez, Professor James Wood, Assistant Professor Dristi Neog and Professor Brown. The chapter includes material about the benefits and cost of public transport, transit subsidies, and the challenges of providing sufficient resources to support operations and capital improvements.

Dr Mendez, Professor Brown and Professor Currie discuss how paying for public transport is linked to its purpose, and how there are often many benefits of providing transit that accrue to non-users. This is part of the reason that many US services are supported by local sales taxes or other revenue streams, instead of just passenger fares. They discuss systems, such as the U-Pass, where a university makes a bulk payment to an operator in return for all students receiving free or subsidised travel. Payroll taxes, intergovernmental grants and transit funding through the US highway trust fund are also covered in the episode.

Professor Brown emphasises the importance of having diverse funding sources. This might involve non-traditional forms of financing, which Dr Mendez discusses towards the end of the episode. They could also include joint development, revenue and cost sharing agreements, and other ways of capturing the property value benefits that occur when transit services are provided.

Find out more about:

This research in Chapter 11 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Professor Jeff Brown and his work at https://coss.fsu.edu/durp/faculty/jeff-brown/; and

Dr Mendez and his work at https://kupa.ku.edu/joel-mendez

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This is the fourteenth episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode, Professor Graham Currie talks to Professor Juan Carlos Munoz from the Department of Transport and Logistics Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Professor Munoz is the Director of the Center for Sustainable Urban Development (CEDUS) and also the Director of the Institute for Sustainable Development. At the beginning of this episode, Professor Munoz talks about these two organisations and how they differ in scope and focus. He also discusses his research in public transport operations and the management of headway, demand and capacity.

Professor Munoz is the lead author of the seventeenth chapter of the Handbook of Public Transport Research: ACES technologies and public transport operations and control. The chapter discusses Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) vehicles and how they are expected to disrupt public transportation. In this episode, Professor Munoz and Professor Currie talk about these emerging technologies and some of the opportunities and threats that they pose for transit operators. This includes discussion of autonomous buses, and how vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications might help to improve service provision. Towards the end of the episode, Professor Munoz highlights policy and governance issues related to these new technologies, and some of the future challenges that may be faced as ACES vehicles are introduced into cities.

Find out more about this research in Chapter 17 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Find out more about Professor Juan Carlos Munoz and his work at https://jcmunozpuc.wordpress.com/

Department of Transport Engineering and Logistics at https://www.ing.uc.cl/transporte-y-logistica/

Institute for Sustainable Development at www.ids.uc.cl

at the Center for Sustainable Urban Development (CEDEUS) at https://www.cedeus.cl/

And in a video on innovative ‘Out of the Box’ ideas in transport from Juan Carlos’s research team at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2PcgDt4cFs (in Spanish with English subtitles)

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

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This is the thirteenth episode in the Researching Transit Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode Professor Graham Currie talks to Assistant Professor Niels van Oort from the Technical University of Delft (TU Delft). Assistant Professor van Oort is the Co-Director of the Smart Public Transport Lab in the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. The Smart PT Lab has previously been discussed in Episode 24 of this podcast, when Professor Graham Currie spoke to the other Co-Director, Associate Professor Oded Cats (see http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/portfolio-item/rt24-handbook-of-public-transport-research-network-resilience-and-the-smart-public-transport-lab/).

Assistant Professor van Oort is the author of the thirteenth chapter of the Handbook of Public Transport Research: Service reliability: a planning and operations perspective. This chapter discusses the elements of service reliability, the impact of service reliability on passengers, indicators that are used to measure reliability and variability, and how to make improvements. In this episode, Assistant Professor van Oort talks about the research behind the handbook chapter, including his PhD thesis and subsequent work. Some of the topics discussed are: the factors that can impact service reliability; the need for perspectives across strategic, tactical and operational levels; and bridging the gaps between front-line staff, management and researchers. Data sets, modelling and the practicality of optimal solutions are also discussed.

The podcast episode closes with a discussion of current research topics in public transport reliability. Assistant Professor van Oort notes the growing importance of demand side perspectives to better understand passenger experiences. This includes greater consideration of access and egress to transit systems, and understanding the different impacts that are experienced by passengers when a service is running slightly early versus slightly late.

Find out more about this research in Chapter 13 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Find out more about Assistant Professor Niels van Oort and his work:

at TU Delft at https://www.tudelft.nl/en/ceg/about-faculty/departments/transport-planning/staff/personal-pages/oort-n-van and

at the Smart Public Transport Lab at http://smartptlab.tudelft.nl/

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

Music from this episode is from https://www.purple-planet.com

This is the twelfth episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode Professor Graham Currie talks to Associate Professor Wijnand Veeneman from the Technical University of Delft (TU Delft). Associate Professor Veeneman is part the Organisation and Governance Section in TU Delft’s Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. He is also:

the Scientific Director of Next Generation Infrastructure, a cooperation between six major infrastructure managers in the Netherlands;

a member of the TRAIL research school, which is an organisation for Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics across six Netherlands Universities;

on the advisory council of the Netherlands Institute of Government; and

on the editorial board of Tijdschrift Vervoerswetenschap (Netherlands Transport Science Magazine).

Associate Professor Veeneman has been researching governance in public transport since undertaking his PhD. In this episode he and Professor Currie first briefly discuss his thesis, which is titled Mind the Gap: Bridging Theories and Practice for the Organisation of Metropolitan Public Transport. Links to the thesis are provided below.

This episode of the podcast focuses on the eighth chapter of the Handbook of Public Transport Research: The governance of public transport: towards integrated design, which is authored by Associate Professor Veeneman. He and Professor Currie discuss rule sets, which support the decision-making of the many actors involved in transit. The book chapter provides details about the four levels of rule sets (culture, laws, arrangements and transactions), and how these are relevant to transit governance. In this episode, Associate Professor Veeneman and Professor Currie also discuss how a good starting point in designing a governance system for a public transport network is to first understand the context and local culture.

Find out more about this research in Chapter 8 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Find out more about Associate Professor Wijnand Veeneman and his work at:

TU Delft at https://www.tudelft.nl/tbm/over-de-faculteit/afdelingen/multi-actor-systems/people/associate-professors/dr-ww-wijnand-veeneman

the TRAIL Research School for Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics at http://rstrail.nl/ and

Next Generation Infrastructure at https://www.nginfra.nl/english/

Associate Professor Wijnand Veeneman’s PhD thesis Mind the Gap: Bridging Theories and Practice for the Organisation of Metropolitan Public Transport is available at:

https://www.academia.edu/667427/Mind_the_Gap and

https://www.amazon.com/Mind-Gap-organisation-metropolitan-transport/dp/9040723087

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

Music from this episode is from https://www.purple-planet.com

This is the eleventh episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode, Professor Graham Currie talks to Associate Professor Selby Coxon of Monash University’s Department of Design. Associate Professor Coxon is the Director of the Mobility Design Lab and also the Associate Dean Graduate Research for the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture. He has been involved in industrial design in both academia and the commercial sector for around 30 years.

Professor Currie and Associate Professor Selby Coxon discuss the work of the Mobility Design Lab, which is focused around two themes: decarbonising transport; and developing mobility solutions for dense urban environments. The Mobility Design Lab builds on Monash University’s long history of educating students who went on to work in the automotive industry, but adopts a broader focus to also consider public transport and other forms of mobility, not just personal cars. Examples of research from the Mobility Design Lab have previously been discussed with Dr Robbie Napper on episode 21 of this podcast.

This episode focuses on the sixth chapter of the Handbook of Public Transport Research: The power of design to enrich the public transport experience. The chapter was authored by Associate Professor Coxon, Dr Robbie Napper, Dr Ilya Fridman and Dr Vincent Moug. It discusses how design processes can be used to improve transport systems, and takes the reader through the British Design Council’s “Double Diamond model”. This model involves iterative steps based on 4Ds: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Double Diamond design process, based on British Design Council. Source: Coxon et al. (2021, p. 94)

In this episode Associate Professor Coxon discusses how the design process involves both divergent and convergent thinking. In the first step (Discover) designers seek to gain a broad understanding of the issues to be addressed. The second step (Define) involves synthesising collected data, developing an understanding of the key issues to be addressed, and ultimately converging back to create a design specification. This is followed by a return to divergent thinking in the third step (Develop) as designers seek to draw, explore and test potential solutions. In the final step of the process (Deliver) the designer seeks to converge the potential solutions into a design output.

Overall the design process is a form of action research, where the research is done through the production of a new design, process or object. Towards the end of this episode Associate Professor Coxon discusses some of the challenges for research in industrial design, and also some of the benefits that can be gained through adopting design approaches more broadly in practice. While these have already been widely applied to increase the attractiveness of private automobiles, there appears to be much opportunity for such approaches to be used more generally to improve transit and mobility systems.

Find out more about this research in Chapter 6 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Find out more about Associate Professor Selby Coxon and his work:

https://www.monash.edu/mada/about-us/people/selby-coxon

Find out more about the Mobility Design Lab:

https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/labs/mobility-design-lab

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

Music from this episode is from https://www.purple-planet.com

References:

Coxon, S, Napper, R, Fridman, I & Moug, V 2021, 'The power of design to enrich the public transport experience', in G Currie (ed.), Handbook of Public Transport Research, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, pp. 92-114.

This is the tenth episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode, Dr Laura Aston talks to Professor Graham Currie and Dr Carlyn Muir. Dr Muir is a Senior Research Fellow at the Monash University Accident Research Centre, and has a background in policy and research in public health and safety. Together with Dr Mustafizur Rahaman and Dr Alexa Delbosc, Professor Currie and Dr Muir have co-authored Chapter 5 in the Handbook of Public Transport: Personal safety on public transport: research frontiers and new tools for an old problem.

Dr Muir and Professor Currie discuss the complicated relationships and feedback loops between passengers’ perceptions of safety, ridership and safety through numbers effects, and the actual incidence of crime. Previous research on 10 transit systems around the world found that personal safety was the top passenger concern in every system, while a UK study indicates that 10% of people would consider using transit if measures were taken to address their fears about a lack of personal safety.

The Chapter is based on PhD research by Dr Rahaman, which developed a Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) audit tool for railway stations. CPTED is a multi-disciplinary approach that is about reducing crime and providing deterrence through the use of:

Surveillance (formal and natural),

Access control (e.g., fencing),

Motivation reinforcement (e.g., alarms, gates),

Maintenance/image control (e.g., cleanliness), and

Territoriality and Activity support.

This research is the first time that the CPTED approach has been applied to transit. It developed a framework and scoring approach that allows a railway station to be audited in around half a day. The framework components and the scoring approach are shown in Figure 1 (http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RT32-Figure1.png)

Figure 2 shows the results of structural equation modelling undertaken as part of the PhD project, which made some unexpected and nuanced findings. The study found that the Perception Of Safety (POS) at railway stations is most directly influenced by feelings of safety within the neighbourhood surrounding the railway station (0.49). This has important policy implications, as transit operators typically do not have any role or responsibilities beyond the railway property boundary.

Figure 2: http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RT32-Figure2.jpg

The next most important factors were satisfaction with CPTED (0.43) and concern about Anti-Social Behaviour (ASB) (-0.18). However, there was not a direct link between experiencing ASB and POS. Rather, the results found a link between experiencing ASB and experiencing threats on public transport, which linked to POS (-0.13).

Find out more about this research in Chapter 5 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

A paper has also been pushed in Transportation Research Record about this research, and is available at https://doi.org/10.3141/2540-01. This paper won the 2016 William W. Millar Award for the best paper in public transport at the Transportation Research Board’s Annual General Meeting.

Find out more about Professor Graham Currie and his work:

https://www.monash.edu/engineering/grahamcurrie

Find out more about Dr Carlyn Muir and her work:

https://research.monash.edu/en/persons/carlyn-muir

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

Music from this episode is from https://www.purple-planet.com

This is the ninth episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode, Laura Aston speaks to Dr Alexa Delbosc and Professor Graham Currie. Today’s guests will be familiar to man. Dr Delbosc was interviewed in episode 22, addressing the psychology of public transport. She is a lecturer with the Institute of Transport Studies in the Department of Civil Engineering at Monash University. Professor Currie, your regular host and editor of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, is Director of the Public Transport Research Group at Monash University. Today they discuss Chapter 7 of the Handbook: The Paradigm Shift in Revenue Protection Research and Practice. The chapter is unique in providing a case study in impactful industry partnership. It presents the findings of a major program of research, funded by Victoria’s Department of Transport, which generated major economic savings for the State.

Our guests set the scene by explaining the impetus for this research. Globally, agencies may lose up to 25% of revenue to fare evasion, costing in the hundred of millions of dollars. Yet prior to this project, which commenced in 2011/12, there was limited understanding of the motivations for fare evasion. Dr Delbosc explains how the project contributed to shifting the focus of revenue protection research from conventional systems control perspectives and customer profiling, to the more nuanced approach of customer motivations. Following the success of their research, the customer motivations perspective on fare evasion has taken off around the world.

By combining numerous psychological frameworks that help understand human motivations, the project was able to identify four different rationales for fare evading, ranging from Accidental Evaders to Career Evaders (Figure 1). Importantly, they were able to quantify the revenue loss associated with different motivations. This was an important discovery that led to the development of effective responses, including a marketing campaign which targeted often affluent ‘freeloaders’. This campaign, along with other targeted interventions, saw fare evasion in Victoria reduce from 12% to 5% in 2015, saving the government $45 million (Figure 2).

Figure 1: http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RT-31-Figure-1.png

Figure 2: http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/RT-31-Figure-2.png

Find out more about this research in Chapter 7 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase here:

https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html

Find out more about today’s guests

Prof Graham Currie: https://www.monash.edu/engineering/grahamcurrie

Dr Alexa Delbosc: https://www.monash.edu/engineering/alexadelbosc

For an overview of the research program discussed during today’s show, visit the Psychology of Fare Evasion Research Website:

http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/portfolio-item/understanding-the-psychology-of-fare-evasion/

Read more about the fare evasion research and findings in published research papers:

Currie, G. and A. Delbosc (2017). "An Empirical Model for the Psychology of Deliberate and Unintentional Fare Evasion." Transport Policy 54: 21-29.

Delbosc A and Currie G (2019). "'Why do people fare evade? A global shift in fare evasion research' " TRANSPORT REVIEWS Volume 39 - 3 pp376-391.

Delbosc, A. and G. Currie (2016a). "Cluster analysis of fare evasion behaviours in Melbourne, Australia." Transport Policy 50: 29-36.

Delbosc, A. and G. Currie (2016b). "Four Types of Fare Evasion: A Qualitative Study from Melbourne, Australia." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 43: 254-264.

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This is the eighth episode in Researching Transit's Handbook of Public Transport Research Series. Links to the book can be found at the end of the notes.

In this episode, Professor Graham Currie speaks to Amer Shalaby, Professor and Bahen/Tanenbaum Chair in the Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada. Shalaby’s passion for all aspects of public transport, from operations and planning to emerging technologies and data, has led him to his role as Director of the new Transit Analytics Lab (TAL) and Co-Director of the Center for Automated and Transformative Transportation Systems (CATTS) at the University of Toronto. TAL provides a unique forum for different transit stakeholders to come together to better leverage transit data. The lab uses predictive analytics and optimisation to solve problems relating to service planning, operational management, customer satisfaction, equity and more, in collaboration with its industry partners.

Professor Shalaby has co-authored two chapters in the Handbook of Public Transport Research: Chapter 16: Transit Signal Priority: research and practice review and future needs; and Chapter 14: Rail transit disruption management: a comprehensive review of strategies and approaches.

Chapter 16 of the handbook is written for academics and professionals grappling with transit reliability in the face of many sources of delay. Its focus is on one of the key strategies for reducing transit delay: traffic signal priority (TSP). The evolution and technology behind traditional and adaptive signal priority are explored. Key lessons learned include the importance of carefully planning stop and signal location at intersections, and coordinating successive TSP intersections.

Sticking to the theme of disruption management, Chapter 14 takes a broad look at the variety of strategies that are available to address rail transit delay. Rail user delays in the New York subway cost the equivalent of $389 million per year. The chapter reviews the strategies available to mitigate these disruptions and their costly implications. The chapter takes a deep dive into ‘bus bridging’ or substitute bus services, a key strategy to address rail service disruption. Other strategies are grouped into supply-side or demand-side responses. Supply-side strategies relate to schedule adjustment, whereas the less common demand-side responses use information provision and crowd management.

Find out more about this research in Chapters 14 and 16 of the Handbook of Public Transport Research, available for purchase from the publisher’s website: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-public-transport-research-9781788978651.html.

Find out more about Professor Amer Shalaby and his work:

https://uttri.utoronto.ca/people/amer-shalaby/

Transit Analytics Lab (TAL), University of Toronto: https://uttri.utoronto.ca/research/research-groups/transit-analytics-lab-tal/

Center for Automated and Transformative Transportation Systems (CATTS): https://uttri.utoronto.ca/catts/

Have feedback? Find us on twitter and Instagram @transitpodcast or using #researchingtransit

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