Rethinking Democracy

A Turkish court has taken a dramatic step that could reshape the country's political landscape. It annulled the results of the CHP's 2023 party congress, effectively overturning the election of Özgür Özel as leader of Turkey's main opposition party and potentially paving the way for former chairman Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu to return. This is the latest move in President Erdoğan's broader effort to weaken the opposition and diminish the significance of the ballot box. What does this decision mean for Turkey's pro-democracy forces and for the CHP, the party that founded the Turkish Republic? To discuss these questions, host Gönül Tol is joined by İlhan Uzgel. İlhan worked closely with CHP leader Özgür Özel and served as the party's deputy chair.

As the world's attention shifts to the Iran war, Gaza is increasingly disappearing from the international spotlight. But more than six months after the United Nations endorsed a peace plan for Gaza, the humanitarian catastrophe continues. Israeli strikes remain relentless, while major international NGOs and aid groups say critical supplies are still not entering Gaza at anywhere near the scale needed. At the same time, the peace process appears to have stalled, with the biggest deadlock centering on Hamas's disarmament. So what does "disarmament" actually mean? Is there a realistic path forward? And how has the Iran war reshaped the calculations of Hamas, Israel, and regional powers? I discuss this all with Zaha Hassan, human rights lawyer and senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

In 2025, jailed PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan made a historic call for the group to disarm and dissolve, raising hopes of ending a 40-year conflict that has shaped Turkey and the wider region. Months later, the PKK symbolically laid down arms in what many viewed as a breakthrough moment for the peace process.

But more than a year later, the process appears increasingly fragile. Turkey's pro-Kurdish party accuses the government of failing to build on the momentum created by Öcalan's call, while Ankara, Kurdish political actors, and even Öcalan himself have traded blame over delays and lack of progress.

So where does the process go from here? Could violence return? Does Öcalan still command full authority over the PKK? And how are regional developments — from Syria to Iran — reshaping the future of efforts to disarm the PKK? To discuss all this, I'm joined by Kurdish affairs expert Aliza Marcus.

Purchase Aliza's new book, Resurgence and Revolution: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight in Turkey and Syria, here.

Syria is in the midst of a fragile transition. Many observers see positive momentum, with new humanitarian initiatives underway and fresh funding beginning to flow. But the risks remain serious: regional spillover, deep humanitarian needs, funding shortfalls, Israeli strikes, sectarian tensions, stalled political tracks, and continued reports of abuses by multiple actors. Where does Syria's transition really stand — and what could the war mean for its future? In this episode, I'm joined by Noah Bonsey, Senior Advisor at the International Crisis Group, to unpack the opportunities, the dangers, and what comes next.

Just weeks before President Trump's war began, Iran was in the midst of a powerful wave of anti-regime protests spreading across the country. But once the war started, that momentum largely came to a halt. The conflict shifted the focus from dissent to survival and gave the regime an opening to crack down harder. With tighter controls, heightened fear, and everyday life suddenly more precarious, people pulled back from the streets. The protests may have paused, but the resentments that fueled them haven't gone anywhere. To unpack what this war means for Iran's democracy movement — both inside the country and in the diaspora — I'm joined by an exceptional guest, Nazanin Boniadi. Nazanin is an Iranian-British actress and political activist, born in Iran and raised in London.

Israel's escalating campaign against Iran-backed Hizballah is rapidly turning Lebanon into one of the most unstable fronts in the wider US-Israel confrontation with Iran — pushing an already fragile state to the brink. The war is tearing at Lebanon's sectarian and political fabric, displacing Shiite communities and deepening polarization between Hizballah and its rivals.

The government that came to power in February 2025 on a wave of optimism now faces a perfect storm. What does this mean for Lebanon — a country long seen as one of the Middle East's rare democracies?

Today, we unpack how the Iran war and Israel's campaign are reshaping Lebanon's democratic future.

The war against Iran has entered its third week with no clear endgame—and no clear strategy from Washington. At one point President Trump appeared to encourage Iranian Kurdish groups to rise up against the regime, before quickly walking it back. Meanwhile, some exiled Kurdish opposition figures say they already have an invasion plan and only need U.S. air cover. The Kurdish question is once again at the center of regional politics. In this episode, we examine the role of Iranian Kurds in the opposition—and what this moment could mean for their future.

The balance of power in the Middle East is shifting. Iran is on the defensive — its military capabilities were badly degraded by last year's 12 days of Israeli and US strikes, and growing protests at home have made the regime look more vulnerable than it has in years.

As that balance changes, a growing number of commentaries suggest that Turkey may replace Iran as the region's next destabilizing force. Much of that argument rests on the assumption that Turkey under Erdoğan shares the same Islamist agenda as Iran's theocratic regime.

Today, we're going to unpack that. What are the real similarities — and the real differences — between these two countries? Not just in their current politics, but in the deeper historical structures, institutions, and ideologies that have shaped — and constrained — democracy in both.

This episode was recorded on February 27, 2026, prior to the latest outbreak of war in the Middle East.

Dramatic developments in Syria have delivered a major blow to Kurdish ambitions for self-rule. In a rapid offensive, Damascus moved into northeast Syria, forcing the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) out and effectively dismantling the autonomous region the Kurds had built during the civil war. For the Kurds, this is more than a battlefield setback—it is a historic turning point. The Syrian uprising opened an unprecedented window: a long-repressed minority governed itself, gained international legitimacy through the fight against ISIS, and helped reignite Kurdish nationalism across the region. That experiment is now unraveling. So what does this mean for the future of the Kurds—not only in Syria, but across Turkey, Iraq, and Iran? Does the collapse of Kurdish autonomy weaken Kurdish nationalism, or deepen it? And what comes next for the Kurdish struggle for rights, representation, and democracy?

Long before the Gaza war erupted in 2023, a broad consensus had already taken hold across policymakers, activists, and foreign-policy circles: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was at a political dead end. The Oslo framework—and the promise of a two-state solution—had steadily lost credibility as a realistic path forward. Since Hamas's October 7 attacks, the devastation in Gaza and the accelerating realities on the ground have made a two-state outcome even harder to imagine. And yet, it remains the default language of Middle East diplomacy. Most recently, UN Secretary-General António Guterres reaffirmed his determination to oppose Israeli actions undermining the two-state solution and called for renewed momentum toward Palestinian statehood. So is the two-state solution still viable—or has it become a diplomatic reflex disconnected from reality? And if it's no longer achievable, what alternatives exist? In today's episode, we unpack the debate over what comes next—and what a democratic, rights-based future for Israelis and Palestinians could actually look like.