This episode outlines hard engineering strategies employed to mitigate flood risks.

These methods involve constructing man-made structures to control river flow.

Examples discussed include dams and reservoirs, which store excess water but can have ecological and social costs.

Channel straightening aims to speed up water flow but may increase flood risk downstream.

Embankments increase river capacity, though they are costly and can still fail.

Finally, flood relief channels divert excess water, potentially increasing discharge elsewhere.

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