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Episode 53 UTI (Now with Chapter Markers!)

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Intro Music: KI Instrumental (Rock Celtic) by Lyrium-2025

Outro Music: Fate Embrace by Alex Grohl

Courtesy of Pixabay under Creative Commons non-commercial use.

Produced by: Todd Fredricks DO MSS 

Edited by: Todd Fredricks DO MSS

 Answers for Episode 52 Brain Immune Gut Axis

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut–immune–brain axis?

C. SCFAs modulate immune responses by promoting regulatory T cell differentiation and influencing microglial maturation

Question 2

Which immune cell type is most associated with IL-17A production in the meninges, influencing synaptic plasticity and anxiety-like behaviors?

C. γδ T cells

Question 3

Which statement about the vagus nerve in gut–brain communication is correct?

C. Vagus nerve acts as a bidirectional pathway, transmitting microbial and immune signals to the brain and modulating gut immunity

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which maternal immune activation (MIA) increases autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring?

C. IL-17A produced by Th17 cells in response to segmented filamentous bacteria disrupts fetal brain development

Question 5

Which of the following is a therapeutic implication of targeting the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?

C. Administering probiotics to reduce microglial activation and improve barrier integrity

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of astrocytes in neuroinflammation?

C. Astrocytes release TNF-α and IL-6, amplifying microglial activation and sustaining neuroinflammation

Paper for Next Week:

Esin S, Del Bono L, Pistello M. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Global Trends, Diagnostic Advances, and Emerging Challenges. New Microbiol. 2025 Jul;48(2):113-136. PubMed PMID: 41123498. 

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