Opium: the plant of joy, the poppy of oblivion, God’s own medicine. It changed the course of history in the nineteenth century. So what was its effect in the Philippines?

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References:

Wertz, Daniel P. (2013). “Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898-1925.” Modern Asian Studies, 47(2), 467-499.

Dikotter, Frank (23 October 2003). “Patient Zero: China and the Myth of the Opium Plague” (Lecture). https://frankdikotter.com/publications/the-myth-of-opium.pdf

Zarco, Ricardo M. (1995). “A Short History of Narcotic Drug Addiction in the Philippines, 1521-1959.” Philippine Sociological Review 43(1/4), 1-15.

Tosches, Nick (September 2000). “Confessions of an Opium Seeker.” Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2000/09/opium-dens-200009

Gamella, Juan F., Martin, Elisa (1992). “Las Rentas de Anfion: El Monopolio Espanol del Opio en Filipinas (1844-1898) y su Rechazo por la Administracion Norteamericana.” Revisita de Indias 52(194), 61-106.

Permanyer-Ugartemendia, Ander (2014). “Opium after the Manila Galleon: The Spanish involvement in the opium economy in East Asia (1815-1830).” Investigaciones de Historia Economica 10(3), 155-164. https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-investigaciones-historia-economica-economic-328-articulo-opium-after-manila-galleon-the-S1698698914000605

“Opium Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia.” (1992) US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Intelligence. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf

Audio clips from The Adventures of Tintin animated series by Ellipse Programme and Nelvana.