It’s an intercontinental textile trade war, as Spain throws open its colony’s ports to the world, and imported cotton from Britain muscles its way into Philippine markets.

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References:

Coo, Stephanie (2019). Clothing the Colony: Nineteenth Century Philippine Sartorial Culture, 1820-1896. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 

Ladrido, R.C. (27 May 2022) “Piña: The queen of Philippine handwoven textiles.” Vera Files. https://verafiles.org/articles/pina-the-queen-of-philippine-handwoven-textiles

Lush, Emily. “Piña (Pineapple) Cloth, Philippines.” The Textile Atlas. https://www.thetextileatlas.com/craft-stories/pina-cloth-philippines

Henry F. Funtecha (December 1981). “Iloilo’s Weaving Industry During the 19th Century.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 9(4), 301-308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791740

Griffin, Emma (2014, 15 May). “Manchester in the 19th century.” British Library. https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/manchester-in-the-19th-century

“Manchester, Cotton, and Slavery.” (19 January 2023). The Science and Industry Museum. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/manchester-cotton-and-slavery

Legarda, Benito (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change, and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Clips from Maria Clara at Ibarra and the Howie Severino Podcast are from GMA.