School of Surgery

Acid reflux is a very common condition presenting to general practice and to surgeons. In this podcast Keaton Jones talks to Shaun Appleton, consultant Upper GI Surgeon about this condition and its management.
Definition, prevalence, risk factors, non-surgical treatment, tests, indications for surgery, various surgical procedures and their risks and effectiveness are all covered in this "all you need to know" podcast.
Keaton Jones is an Academic Clinical Fellow at the University of Oxford, UK and Shaun Appleton is a Consultant Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeon at Buckinghamshire Healthcare Trust, UK

There are 2 test I can use to see if this patient has got cancer, which one is best? How do I know? How can I compare them?? These were just some of the thoughts going through the candidates mind as his stared at the paper in the academic viva in national selection!
If only they'd listened to Rob Radcliffe, who is on hand to explain how you do just that using receiver operating characteristic curves, a really easy way to compare the performance of tests and probably the most useful to medicine thing that had its origin in WW II radar technology.
Starting with a review of sensitivity and specificity (see http://schoolofsurgery.podomatic.com/entry/2014-05-02T00_31_49-07_00 for full revision) Rob shows how sensitivity and specificity vary with the cut off point for a test and demonstrates the best test you can design and the worst and shows you how to construct a ROC curve. Real life examples are discussed and how to compare test visually from their curves, and how this can be qualified (and so compared statistically to find the best performing test) using Area Under the Curve (AUC) is also explained.
This is the clearest explanation you will find anywhere for this commonly used comparison (check out the Wikipedia page on this if you don't believe me). Is is essential to know as ROC curve feature often in medical literature and often in exams and academic interviews.
Rob Radcliffe was a maths teacher in a former life and is now a trainee in Urology in the East Midlands, UK

"Do it fast, do it slow, talk 'em through it, let ' em go" is the mantra for teaching motor skills. We did it fast in part 1 and now Jon Lund and James Blackwell are going through the examination of the abdomen slowly and talking you through the stages, important points and things to look out for.
Some of this video is shot from a "point of view" standpoint so that you can see the examination as if you were doing it and also see clearly how some parts of the examination are performed.
Get this right and you'll be set for your whole career.

Whether you are a pre-clinical medical student or an elderly surgeon, you need to know how to examine the abdomen properly. In this video, produced by James Blackwell, Jon Lund takes you through abdominal examination. It is shot in real time so that you can aim to get quick, slick and accurate for undergraduate and postgraduate exams...and real life!
Look out for part 2, which takes you through abdominal examination more slowly with explanatory commentary and point of view footage so that you can easily see whats going on and how to do it.
Jon Lund is Associate Professor of Surgery at The University of Nottingham, and James Blackwell is an academic F2 at the Royal Derby Hospital, Uk

Right - you've got the basics covered in part 1, now we're moving on to how to interpret blood gases and put them in a clinical context.
Jamie Blackwell and Tim Watkins take you through how to easily and simply interpret blood gas results whenever you need to using an easy to remember 5 step approach.
The 5 step method is then used in a series of actual clinical cases so you can see it in action or try for yourself by pausing the video before the answers.
Never fear blood gases again!
James Blackwell is an Academic F2 doctor, and Tim Watkins is a Consultant Anaesthetist, both at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK.

You're called to see a very sick person on the ward in the middle of the night. You send off some investigations and because they are sick you take some arterial blood for blood gas analysis. You ring the boss who asks you what the blood gases indicate. A bead of sweat breaks out on your forehead as you realise that you have no idea what the numbers on the blood gas print out mean. There goes the reference......
But then you realise that you can interpret blood gases after all, because you have watched these 2 podcasts where James Blackwell gets Tim Watkins to explain what's going on.
In part 1 what an ABG is, why it is performed is explained and the common components of the print out are demystified.
James Blackwell is an Academic F2 doctor and Tim Watkins is a Consultant Anaesthetist, both at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK

Do you have a funis? Did you ever have one? Do only boys have one? No clue?? Then listen to this podcast where David Semeraro tells Jon Lund all about acute inflammation using funisitis, meningitis, conjunctivitis, pericarditis, pneumonia and TB as examples, with clinical slides to illustrate the points made.
This podcast brings together messages from the other 3 in the series to round off what you need to know about acute inflammation for undergraduate and postgraduate exams, work and life!
David Semeraro is a consultant histopathologist at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK and Jon Lund is Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Nottingham, UK.

In part 3 of this podcast telling you all you need to know about acute inflammation, David Semeraro talks about the vascular and cellular components of acute inflammation, diapedesis, chemical mediators of acute inflammation, cytokines and much more, using clinical pictures and histological slides and conditions such as appendicitis and cellulitis as examples.
David Semeraro is a consultant histopathologist at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK.

Color, Rubor, Turgor, Dolor and Functio Laesa were not the lesser known reindeer pulling Santa's sled, but are the cardinal clinical signs of acute inflammation. In part 2 of his explanation of acute inflammation, David Semeraro talks to Jon Lund about these terms, explains how neutrophils leave the blood vessels to be involved in the inflammatory process and explains what oedema and exudate are are why they're important. Even wondered about the difference between exudate and transudate? What does diapedesis mean? Wonder no more - watch this video podcast and find out!
Essential for medics and biomedical scientists of all ages!
David Semeraro is a consultant histopathologist at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK and Jon Lund is Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Nottingham, UK.

Inflammation is at the very heart of many disease processes, from infection and trauma to ageing and cancer. Split across 4 episodes, David Semeraro talks to Jon Lund about acute inflammation, covering definitions, mechanisms and progress with many examples from clinical cases, histopathological and macroscopic inflamed organ specimens.
Listening to this series of podcasts will tell you all you need to know about the basics of acute inflammation, a thorough knowledge of which is essential for pre-clinical and clinical medical students and doctors in training in all specialities and at all levels.
David Semeraro is a Consultant Histopathologist at the Royal Derby Hospital, UK and Jon Lund is Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Nottingham, UK.