Software Engineering Daily

Container management systems like Kubernetes and Docker Swarm give us a higher level management tool for architectures built out of distributed containers.

Container platforms like Rancher provide a higher layer of usability, and today’s guest Darren Shepherd of Rancher Labs takes us through what a container platform is. This interview is part of our continued coverage of Kubernetes, Docker, and the other components of the growing container ecosystem.

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Twenty years ago, Bill Joy talked about the eight fallacies of distributed computing–these are things such as “the network is reliable”, and “latency is zero”, and “bandwidth is infinite”, and these fallacies are even more relevant today. With the popularity of Docker containers, the networks of distributed systems that we deal with have become even more complex, and with this growing complexity comes new problems and new fallacies.

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Virtual machines were the unit of cloud computation for many years. Amazon Web Services pioneered the democratized model of allowing anyone to deploy a service to the cloud, running on a virtual machine on Amazon’s servers. After virtual machines, containers have become the unit of scale in the cloud. We break up our virtualized servers into even smaller units of computation called containers. Today, the unit of compute is getting reduced even more, with the introduction of serverless architecture.

Serverless architectures started getting talked about after Amazon Web Services released a service called AWS Lambda, which allows users to have pieces of code run in response to events. Programmers write a function and hand it off to Amazon, and Amazon will run that function call, and only charge the programmer when the function is actually called. This is in contrast to the cost model of containers or virtual machines, which users pay for even while they are running idle.

Today’s guest Austen Collins believes that serverless computing is the model of the future, and he created a company called Serverless around this idea. His company Serverless provides an application framework for building applications exclusively on Amazon Web Services Lambda.

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Kubernetes is the container management platform that came out of Google’s experiences managing data centers. Kubernetes abstracts away many of the frustrations of distributed systems management. OpenShift is a platform built on top of Kubernetes to provide an additional layer of usability.

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Infrastructure-as-code is a trend that has been popularized over the past decade, as cloud computing and distributed systems have become a part of every technology company. Tools like Salt, Puppet, Chef, and Ansible allow us to manage servers and processes from the command line.

In our conversation today, we discuss how the distributed systems architecture of Salt works, and how it can be used in practice. We also discuss infrastructure-as-code in the context of modern infrastructure tools like containers and Kubernetes.

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Rust is a systems programming language being developed at Mozilla. Rust has features of a high-level functional language like Scala and a low-level, performance-driven language like C++.

Steve Klabnik is a developer program member with Mozilla. In this episode, he discusses how Rust looks at memory management, type safety, mutability, and concurrency. We also dive into a discussion of the low level virtual machine, also known as the LLVM, which the language Swift is built on.

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Erlang is a programming language with primitives that help software engineers build distributed systems. When a process is malfunctioning in Erlang, the philosophy of the language is to let the process crash–and in a distributed system where unexpected faults happen on a regular basis, this philosophy of “let it crash” simplifies how we reason about an Erlang system.

Other distributed systems advantages of Erlang include the garbage collection strategy. Each process in Erlang has its own garbage collector which means makes it easier to construct systems without a stop-the-world garbage collection.

Francesco Cesarini is the founder of Erlang Solutions, and he joins the show today to discuss the book that he wrote with Steve Vinoski, called Designing for Scalability with Erlang/OTP.

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Google has built a microservices architecture on top of the internal container management system called Borg. These services communicate over an internal protocol known as Stubby. Borg and Stubby are tightly coupled to Google’s infrastructure–it would not make sense for Google to open source them–but Google has worked with the open source community to develop open source projects with the core functionality of Borg and Stubby. These projects are known as Kubernetes and gRPC.

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At Netflix, building a user interface requires data about movies, actors, users, accounts, and much more. If each piece of data is coming from a different source, a programmer has to call each of the services that has access to that data. Falcor is a piece of technology designed at Netflix to solve this problem.

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Kubernetes is an open-source distributed operating system that allows normal engineers to manage their resources at the scale that Google does. With Docker providing the APIs to make containers easy to work with, Kubernetes allows processes to be easily distributed and replicated across a data center.

Kubernetes was created at Google, and today’s guest Kelsey Hightower is a staff developer advocate working at Google. He joins me in a conversation about how Kubernetes works, and why it is important to an average developer. We touch on how software engineering is going to look in the next 5-10 years, and how a lot of the work around distributed systems will become much easier over time.

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