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References for this show:

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Hoffberg, A. S., et al. (2020). The effectiveness of crisis line services: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, Article 399.

Jennings, C., et al. (1978). Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study. Psychological Medicine, 8(3), 413–422.

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Pirkis, J., et al. (2015). Interventions to reduce suicides at suicide hotspots: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 994–1001.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (n.d.). Suicide and self-harm: Suicide mortality. Health Infobase. Retrieved September 21, 2026.

Shin, S., et al. (2026). Effectiveness of fixed landline crisis phone boxes in preventing suicides: Evidence from Australia and the United States. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 35, e59.

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