In the first part of the program, Andrew Crespo, professor of law at Harvard University joins us to discuss the mass incarceration system, a system that’s upheld by lawyers and promoted in our institutions of higher learning. Andrew outlines plea bargaining as a bolster and boost to mass incarceration, prisons as sponges for people in poverty, the death of social programs that would legitimately counter crime, and the need to shift our thinking about how our justice system works and for whom, recognizing that our paradigms allow this remarkably harmful system to perpetuate. Later in the show, I’m joined by Dr. Roy Casagranda, a professor of government and the Middle East Affairs expert at Austin Community College. Dr. Casagranda outlines the bloodied red thread that connects the first crusades to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the creation of Israel, and the war on terror. He also uplifts a purposefully obscured history of cultural vibrancy in the Muslim world where not only did Jews, Muslims, and Christians thrive but where the foundations of our modern world were forged centuries before the European mathematical, scientific, and philosophical advancements we learn about.

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