inductivism and empiricism, arguing that scientific progress does not stem from deriving theories from sensory experience. Instead, the author asserts that knowledge grows through fallibilism, a philosophical stance that recognizes the inherent imperfection of ideas and encourages constant conjecture and criticism. The scientific revolution succeeded not merely through testability, but by seeking explanatory theories that describe the reality underlying deceptive appearances. While traditional views sought authority in "justified" truths, true science relies on creative guesswork to solve problems and improve our understanding of the world. Ultimately, the source highlights that progress depends on moving beyond simple predictions to discover how and why the universe functions.