Autophagy is the process in which cells degrade and recycle their own components. While usually occurring in nutrient starvation, autophagy is also crucial for various other physiological and pathological processes. To reach out to me email me at [email protected]

A kind of programmed cell death, apoptosis is very vital for normal functioning of the body.

It is a type of endocytosis by which cells, especially phagocytes, digest substances, usually bacteria and other pathogens. Things that I forgot to mention: 1. The process by which apoptotic cell debris are digested is specifically called efferocytosis, 2. The size of substances undergoing phagocytosis is more than 0.5 micron.

For cells to function well, substances have to pass across the cell membrane, which occurs passively or actively or by using vesicles.

A deep dive into the extracellular matrix, which not just fills up the space between cells but performs a wide variety of functions.

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) link cells to one another. Overall, they are of four types - cadherins, integrins, selectins and immunoglobulin superfamily - and perform a wide range of functions.

They are connections between adjacent cells, that regulate coordination between the cells and tissues.

The cytoskeleton helps the cell move and adapt to external signals. It includes actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

The Golgi apparatus mainly processes and sorts the various proteins formed in the cell.

Ribosomes are the protein machinery of the cell. Made up of two subunits, they synthesise proteins in a three step process - initiation, elongation and termination.