As the United States moves to take over Mindanao, both the Americans and the Moros invoke the name of the Ottoman Empire—seat of the Caliph—to support their campaigns. But in 1914, an actual Ottoman emissary arrives in Zamboanga. How will the American occupiers react to his visit?

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References:

Dwight, H.D. (1915). Constantinople: Old and New. Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Inanc, Yusuf Selman. “Abdulhamid II: An autocrat, reformer and the last stand of the Ottoman Empire.” Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/abdulhamid-ii-last-stand-ottoman-empire

Göksoy, Ismail Hakki (2024). “The Ottomans’ Shaykh Al-Islam of Philippines, Mehmet Vecih Efendi: His Life, Duties and Activities.” In Göksoy, Kadi (eds.), Studies on the Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and Southeast Asia, YTB Publications.

Charbonneau, Oliver (2021). Civilizational Imperatives: Americans, Moros, and the Colonial World. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Amirell, Stefan Eklöf (25 August 2022). “‘An Extremely Mild Form of Slavery … of the Worst Sort’: American Perceptions of Slavery in the Sulu Sultanate, 1899–1904,” Slavery & Abolition, 43(3), pp. 517-532.

Vatin, Nicolas (19 December 2017). “The Death of Ottoman Sultans.” Politika. https://www.politika.io/en/notice/the-death-of-ottoman-sultans

In the last decades of Spanish rule in the Philippines, pianos—both foreign and local—provided the tinkling music of the colony’s rising middle class. (Listen to S7E1 before this one.)

It’s the late 1800s, and all across the Pacific seaboard, in places like Singapore and Yokohama, Medan and Selangor, the music of town bands drifts across the esplanades. Many of these groups proudly hail from one port of call: Manila. This is their story.

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Audio of “Wiener Schwalben Marsch” is from the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

References: 

Affan, Muhammad (2023). “From Riverside Hub to Urban Center: Understanding The Metamorphosis of The Sultanate of Deli's Capital Landscape.” Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam, 20(2), pp. 194-203.

“The history of Medan” (26 December 2020). Stories from Deli—Chinese coolies life in Deli. https://storiesfromdeli.com/2020/12/26/the-history-of-medan/

Columbia matrix 87055. Wiener Schwalben Marsch / Kapelle Militär. (2025). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved May 15, 2025, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000112570/87055-Wiener_Schwalben_Marsch.

Birgit Krohn Albums, Vol. 2 (n.d.) “Porpourri Populaire, George Renaud (1835-1913).” Furman University Scholar Exchange. https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/krohn-album2/8/

Yamomo, Mele (2015). “Brokering Sonic Modernities: migrant Manila musicians in the Asia

 Pacific, 1881-1948.” Popular Entertainment Studies, 6(2), pp. 22-37.

Castro, Christi-anne (2018). “Colonized by Rote: Music Education at the Outset of the US Colonial Era in the Philippines.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 39-44.

Chua, Maria Alexandra Iñigo. (2018). “The Appropriated Villancico Filipino in the Rituals of Philippine Christmas.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 91-99.

Chua, Maria Alexandra Iñigo. (2018). “Music Printing and Publishing in Urban Colonial Manila, 1858-1942.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 215-223.

Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2018). “Keyboards in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 234-242.

Tan, Arwin Q. (2018). “Social Networking in Musicians’ Unions and Musical Associations.” In Tan, Arwin Q. (ed.), Saysay Himig: A Sourcebook on Philippine Music History, University of the Philippines Press, pp. 365-371.

Jando, Dominique (n.d.) “Giuseppe Chiarini: Equestrian, Circus Entrepreneur.” Circopedia. https://www.circopedia.org/Giuseppe_Chiarini

“The Overseas Market for Filipino Entertainers (March 2004).” TESDA. https://www.tesda.gov.ph/About/TESDA/60

Ng, Stephanie Sook-Lynn (n.d.) “Overseas Filipino Musicians and the Geographies of Migrant Creative Labor.” Dissertation Reviews. 

Yu Jose, Lydia N. (2007). “Why are Most Filipino Workers in Japan Entertainers?: Perspectives from History and Law.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 22(1), pp. 61-84.

Piquero-Ballescas, Ma. Rosario (1993). “The Various Contexts of Filipino Labor Migration to Japan.” Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 8(4), pp.125-145.

Lousy pilots? Fierce storms? Rampaging currents? Some of these galleons never stood a chance. (Listen to S6E13 before this one.)

The route of a Spanish galleon from Manila to Acapulco was littered with the wrecks of ships that sailed before—hit by storms, hammered by tides, preyed on by pirates. Meanwhile, on the filthy decks, hunger and disease stalked the ranks of the sailors, slaves, and passengers. Spanning thousands of kilometers, every voyage of the Galleon Trade was grueling and lethal… but for the investors who bet fortunes on the trade ships, the payoff was worth every dead body. 

In this episode, let’s sail aboard a galleon as it makes its way from Manila to Mexico. Will we make it to the end alive?

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References:

Casabán, José Luis (2014). “The Reconstruction of a Seventeenth-Century Spanish Galleon.” 2014 Underwater Archaeology Proceedings.

Legarda, Benito J. (1999). After the Galleons: Foreign Trade, Economic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines. Ateneo de Manila Press.

Seijas, Tatiana (2014). Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians. Cambridge University Press.

Isorena, Efren B. (2015). “Maritime Disasters in Spanish Philippines: The Manila-Acapulco Galleons, 1565-1815.” International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 11(1), pp. 53-83.

Schurz, William Lyle (July 1918). “Acapulco and the Manila Galleon.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 18-37.

Hayes, Lieutenant John D. (December 1934). “The Manila Galleons.” Proceedings of the US Naval Institute, 60(12).

Worrall, Simon (15 January 2017). “A Nightmare Disease Haunted Ships During Age of Discovery.” National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/scurvy-disease-discovery-jonathan-lamb

Morris, David Z. (17 May 2016). “Cruel ships of prosperity.” Aeon. https://aeon.co/essays/the-manila-galleons-that-oceaneered-for-plague-and-profit

Costumes, backdrops, dedications—in the 1900s, having your photo taken in a studio and sending prints to loved ones was the hot new thing in the Philippines! (Listen to S6E12 before this one.)

When the Americans arrive to take over the Philippines, amateur photographers take pictures of every possible inch of their new possession. Snapshots soon emerge from inside the cemeteries of towns and cities, showcasing an eerie and macabre trend. It seems that not even the most private places of the dead would be spared from the camera’s roving, ravenous, pinhole eye. 

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Additional audio from Marques Brownlee, Dave 2D, and The Verge.

References:

Capozzola, Christopher (2017). “Photography and Power in the Colonial Philippines - 1.” Visualizing Cultures at the Massachusets Institute of Technology.

Lutz, Peter (1994-2024). “Beginners Guide To Understanding And Using A Brownie Box Camera.” Brownie-camera.com. https://www.brownie-camera.com/articles/petelutz/article.shtml

Williams, Nigel (17 July 2021). “Early Cameras, a Timeline.” A Flash of Darkness. https://flashofdarkness.com/early-cameras-timeline/

The Curious World (7 February 2024). “Taking pictures with a nearly-100 year old camera | Kodak No. 2 Brownie” [video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXoSRDVJ3B4

Stricklin, Krystle Elaine (2022). “Grave Visions: Photography, Violence, and Death in the American Empire, 1898 – 1913” [dissertation]. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, Florida State University.

Rafael, Vicente (2000). White Love and Other Events in Filipino History. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Barretto, Grace (2000). “A Survey of Literature on Indigenous Archaeological Practices and Their Archaeological Implications." Indigenous Peoples, 15(2).

Dakudao, Michelangelo (1998). “The Development of Cemeteries in Manila Before 1941.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 26(1-2), pp. 254-271.

Scourge, scientist… and slave owner! Discover the ties of one of England’s most famous mariners to Philippine history. (Listen to S6E11 before listening to this one!)

In 1719, a book appeared on London shelves—and became an instant bestseller. Its cover featured the now-iconic image of a man, trapped in a deserted island, dressed only in goat skins. Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe, never confirmed nor denied that his massive hit was based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotsman marooned for years on a tropical island… but the parallels were undeniable.

But before Selkirk made his way back to the Western world and became a celebrity, he was roped in by his rescuers for their deadly piratical mission: to hunt the greatest treasure ship of the high seas—the Manila galleon!

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References:

Kamen, Henry (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. Harper Perennial.

Rogers, Woodes (1928). A Cruising Voyage Round the World. The Seafarer's Library. (Original work published 1731).

Severin, Tim (2002). “Marooned: The Metamorphosis of Alexander Selkirk.” The American Scholar, 71(3), pp. 73-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41213335

Ball, Phillip (1 May 2019). “The many afterlives of Robinson Crusoe.” The New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2019/05/the-many-afterlives-of-robinson-crusoe

McInelly, Brett C. (2003) “Expanding Empires, Expanding Selves: Colonialism, the Novel, and ‘Robinson Crusoe’.” Studies in the Novel, 35(1), pp. 1-21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533546

Peterson, Andrew. “What Really Made the World Go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade.” Explorations: A Graduate Student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 11(1), pp. 1-18.

As he was brutally tortured by the Kempeitai, captured guerilla Gustavo Ingles was moved to different prisons and safehouses. What was his day-to-day life like behind bars? (Listen to S6E10 before listening to this one.)