Paulo Freire, a founder of something called critical pedagogy, wrote in his book Pedagogy of Hope, “ The idea that hope alone will transform the world, and action undertaken in that kind of naïveté, is an excellent route to hopefulness, pessimism, and fatalism. But to attempt to do without hope, in the struggle to improve the world, as if that struggle could be reduced to calculated acts alone, or a purely scientific approach, is a frivolous illusion.”