In this episode of The Differential, Dr. Assem Al Refaei demystifies the interpretation of thyroid function tests (TFTs). Centered on high-yield Step 2 CK concepts and enriched with clinical pearls, we break down the physiological basis of thyroid hormone regulation and the diagnostic value of TSH, free T4, and free T3 levels.

From recognizing patterns in hypo- and hyperthyroidism to distinguishing primary from secondary causes, this episode provides a systematic approach to navigating TFTs. We cover essential topics like subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and the impact of medications such as amiodarone and lithium. Additionally, learn about thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) abnormalities and their clinical significance.

In this episode of The Differential, Dr. Assem Al Refaei unpacks the recognition, mechanisms, and management of transfusion reactions. Centered on high-yield Step 2 CK concepts and practical clinical insights, we explore the different types of reactions and how to tell them apart in MCQs.

In this episode of The Differential, Dr. Assem Al Refaei unpacks the physiology, pathologies, and diagnostic approach to adrenal gland disorders. Centered on high-yield Step 2 CK concepts and real-world clinical insights, we explore the mechanisms of adrenal hormone production, common disorders like adrenal insufficiency, Cushing syndrome, Conn syndrome, and pheochromocytoma, and the diagnostic steps using hormonal assays, suppression tests, and imaging. With a focus on recognizing clinical patterns and mastering diagnostic algorithms, this episode offers essential tools for understanding adrenal pathologies and excelling in exams and practice.

In this episode of The Differential, Dr. Assem Al Refaei breaks down a structured approach to diagnosing immunodeficiencies. Focusing on high-yield Step 2 CK concepts and practical clinical insights, we explore the identification of immunodeficiency causes using clinical patterns, lab findings, and essential physical exam clues. Key topics include CVID, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, SCID, Job syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and other critical conditions.

In this episode of The Differential, Dr. Assem Al Refaei presents a structured approach to diagnosing bleeding disorders. With a focus on high-yield concepts for Step 2 CK and practical clinical applications, we delve into identifying the underlying causes of bleeding based on clinical patterns, laboratory findings, and key physical exam clues. The discussion covers essential topics, including ITP, TTP, HUS, DIC, and qualitative platelet disorders such as von Willebrand disease (vWD), Bernard-Soulier syndrome, and Glanzmann thrombasthenia, along with other important conditions.

In this episode of The Differential Podcast, Dr. Assem Al Refaei shares essential strategies for tackling UWorld, NBME, and Step 2 CK questions efficiently. Learn how to save time by reading questions backward, focusing on imaging and labs, spotting buzzwords without falling for traps, and recognizing emergency clues like intubation or IV fluids. This episode is packed with tips to help you boost your exam performance and answer questions with confidence.