The Historians

The Historians

By Bob CudmoreSociety & CultureHistory
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The Historians episodes

  • ...what are we talking about?

    This Friday The Historians takes a look at The Mohawk River 22,000 years ago(before our time)

    Wednesday, July 27, 2022

    Episode 378-Ann Maria Bullock Schram of Amsterdam, was a volunteer nurse in the American Civil War.  Montgomery County NY historian Kelly Yacobucci Farquhar discusses her research on Schram’s life.

    The Montgomery County Department of History & Archives, since its establishment in 1934, has been a Mecca for
    genealogical researchers across the nation. The valuable resources and outstanding staff have made this research
    library renowned to those in search of family history. While genealogy has helped attract visitors, the department is
    also very dedicated to preserving Montgomery County’s local history, a history that has developed over the past 2
    ½+ centuries.

    Tomorrow, Thursday, July 28, 2022

    Yeggmen

    The article from the Amsterdam Recorder reported, “A couple of professional yeggmen visited Mayfield late Saturday night or early Sunday morning...

    Mary Zawacki

    A graduate of SUNY-New Paltz who got her masters in Cultural Heritage Studies at Newcastle University in England

    Friday, July 29, 2022-Episode 433-A history of the Mohawk River with Mary Zawacki, executive director of the Schenectady County Historical Society.  When the last Ice Age began to melt 22,000 years ago, the Mohawk River flowed with more force than Niagara Falls.

     Historians Podcast yearly fund drive now stands at $3,300.

    ...by this Weekend 

    To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $100 by Sunday.  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Wednesday, July 27, 2022

    Patchy fog before 8am. Otherwise, mostly sunny, with a high near 84. Calm wind becoming west around 5 mph.
    Tonight
    A slight chance of showers between 1am and 2am, then a slight chance of showers and thunderstorms after 2am. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 64. Calm wind. Chance of precipitation is 20%.
    Thursday
    Showers and thunderstorms likely, mainly after 4pm. Partly sunny, with a high near 84. Light and variable wind becoming southwest 6 to 11 mph in the morning. Winds could gust as high as 21 mph. Chance of precipitation is 60%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
     
    It's Summer, here is The Weekend Weather in The Mohawk Valley
    Saturday
    Sunny, with a high near 80.
    Saturday Night
    Mostly clear, with a low around 56.
    Sunday
    Sunny, with a high near 85.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Wednesday, July 27, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Gloversville native EJ Gallup coaching in The Basketball Tournament
    For Fulton-Montgomery Community College men’s basketball coach EJ Gallup, this is a long way from a Mountain Valley Conference game…
     
    Author to discuss Saratoga and Schuylerville Railroad
    By Jordan Ries For The Daily Gazette New programming has returned to the Saratoga Springs History Museum including this week’s…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder
     
    Demolition proposed for parking garage at Amsterdam’s Riverfront Center
     
    AMSTERDAM — The shuttered parking garage at the Amsterdam Riverfront Center may finally come down...

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    9 min
  • No more 3x5 Cards

    The first ride on the Cayadutta trolley line

    By Bob Cudmore

        The first electric trolley trip between Fonda and Gloversville in 1893 was a surprise wedding gift for the trolley line manager.  

       The story is told in Paul K. Larner’s book “Our Railroad: The History of the Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville Railroad.”  The F.J.&G. steam railroad was already in existence in 1893.  The electric line eventually became part of the F.J.&G,’s operation but at first was a separate entity, the Cayadutta Electric Railroad, named for the creek which flows from Fulton County to the Mohawk River in Fonda.

       In 1892, construction of the Cayadutta Railroad was mired in serious controversy. There had been a riot by unpaid Italian immigrant workers in Johnstown.  But work continued on the electrified line, including construction of an amusement area north of Fonda called Cayadutta Park.  By summer of 1893, the trolley line was getting ready to open.

       In June, Cayadutta Electric Railroad general manager T.C. Frenyear journeyed to Exeter, New Hampshire to marry Emma Chase.  Her minister father performed the ceremony and the Frenyears took an afternoon train for Gloversville.

       Frenyear appears to have been a popular person, despite the Cayadutta Railroad’s labor troubles.  A trade magazine called him “a most progressive man.” 

        In Gloversville a plan was hatched to meet the bridal couple in Fonda with trolley cars and take them back to Gloversville as the first official trip on the electric railroad.

       Several carloads of dignitaries made the run from Gloversville to Fonda to await the train from New Hampshire on June 29.

       A stop was made at the Cayadutta’s power house and, according to the Gloversville Leader, the passengers were impressed, “The massive boilers were looked at, and more than a casual observation was made of the huge engines, the massive wheels and broad belts and the whizzing dynamos which send the electric current along the line. The magnificent switchboard, with its levers for different circuits, was also an object of curiosity.”

       People along the route waved handkerchiefs at the electric cars and mill workers pushed their bodies halfway out of windows to salute the procession.

       T.C. and Emma Frenyear arrived in Fonda and returned to Pine and Beaver streets in Gloversville on car number 14.

       Larner wrote that the official opening of the line took place the next day. Seven electric cars were put into service and the combined load slowed the vehicles and eventually burned out a wire in Johnstown.  Cars and celebrants were stranded for two hours.  Regular scheduled service was instituted by August of 1893.  Soon, horse-pulled trolley cars disappeared from Fulton County.

       There still were problems for Italian immigrant workers who had failed to receive their pay from a contractor named H. Ward Leonard.  Larner wrote that the Cayadutta hired guards for its car barns and powerhouse.

       There was media frenzy over an unfounded report of a bomb being seen among unpaid workers.  No bomb was ever found.  The workers hired lawyers and the dispute eventually was settled in court.

       In 1894 the F.J.&G. leased the Cayadutta Railroad and the F.J.&G., Cayadutta and Amsterdam Street Railroad consolidated as the F.J. &G. Railroad Company in 1902.

       The electric line provided local trolley service in Gloversville, Johnstown and Amsterdam plus connected these cities and Fonda.  From 1903 to 1938, the F.J.&G. ran electric cars from Gloversville to Schenectady.  After shutting down the trolley line, the company provided bus service until 1956.

       In Amsterdam the abandoned trolley tracks seemed to take on a life of their own.  The metal rails were buried in the pavement but often reappeared in the spring thaw when potholes grew on Main Street and elsewhere.

    Something New(Old) everyday on The Historians

    Tomorrow

    Wednesday, July 27, 2022

    Episode 378-Ann Maria Bullock Schram of Amsterdam, was a volunteer nurse in the American Civil War.  Montgomery County NY historian Kelly Yacobucci Farquhar discusses her research on Schram’s life.

    County Historian/RMO Kelly Yacobucci Farquhar (center) and County Board of Supervisors Chairman John Thayer (right) accept the 2013 William H. Kelly Annual Archives Award for Excellence in Local Government Archival Program Development.

    The Montgomery County Department of History & Archives, since its establishment in 1934, has been a Mecca for
    genealogical researchers across the nation. The valuable resources and outstanding staff have made this research
    library renowned to those in search of family history. While genealogy has helped attract visitors, the department is
    also very dedicated to preserving Montgomery County’s local history, a history that has developed over the past 2
    ½+ centuries.

    Thursday, July 28, 2022

    Yeggmen and more 

    Historian Christopher K. Philippo of Glenmont had to consult the Oxford English Dictionary to explain a newspaper account of a burglary in Mayfield in 1914.

    Mary Zawacki

    A graduate of SUNY-New Paltz who got her masters in Cultural Heritage Studies at Newcastle University in England

    Friday, July 29, 2022-Episode 433-A history of the Mohawk River with Mary Zawacki, executive director of the Schenectady County Historical Society.  When the last Ice Age began to melt 22,000 years ago, the Mohawk River flowed with more force than Niagara Falls.

    Thanks to donations from Dave Northrup, Linda Wisniewski and John Woodward the Historians Podcast yearly fund drive now stands at $3,300.

    You may give anonymously and no donation is too small. 

    To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $100 by this Sunday, July 31, 2022  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Tuesday, July 26, 2022

    Mostly sunny, with a high near 78. Light west wind increasing to 6 to 11 mph in the morning.
    Tonight
    Patchy fog after 3am. Otherwise, mostly clear, with a low around 54. West wind 5 to 7 mph becoming calm in the evening.
    Wednesday
    Patchy fog before 7am. Otherwise, mostly sunny, with a high near 85. Calm wind becoming west around 6 mph in the afternoon.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Tuesday, July 26, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Three Schenectady women sue Rivers Casino; allege assault by security officers
    SCHENECTADY — Three Schenectady women are suing Rivers Casino & Resort and several of its security officers, alleging the officers assaulted…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder
     
    Dozens turn out for meeting on new gun laws
     
    JOHNSTOWN — Nearly 300 people either sitting in lawn chairs or standing listened to...
     
    Amsterdam High School students on CDTA bus routes will ride free
     
    Sticker Mule launches what it hopes will be a different social media platform

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    9 min
  • Last Flight /Story/Monday

    Posted on The Historians this Sunday, July 31, 2022

    Focus on History 

    The undertaker and the telephone.

    Monday, July 25, 2022- The story behind the story podcast-Last flight over Japan 

    Tuesday, July 26, 2022- From the Archives of the Daily Gazette-A surprise for the railroad boss

       The story is told in Paul K. Larner’s book “Our Railroad: The History of the Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville Railroad.” 

    Wednesday, July 27, 2022-From the Archives- Friday, July 9, 2021-Episode 378-Ann Maria Bullock Schram of Amsterdam, was a volunteer nurse in the American Civil War.  Montgomery County NY historian Kelly Yacobucci Farquhar discusses her research on Schram’s life.

    What is a Yeggmen?

    Thursday, July 28, 2022- From the Archives of the Daily Gazette-Yeggmen and more

    Friday, July 29, 2022-Episode 433-A history of the Mohawk River with Mary Zawacki, executive director of the Schenectady County Historical Society.  When the last Ice Age began to melt 22,000 years ago, the Mohawk River flowed with more force than Niagara Falls.

    Last flight over Japan

    By Bob Cudmore

    Focus on History Posted in The Daily Gazette and Amsterdam Recorder each Saturday or Sunday

       Amsterdam attorney Robert N. Going, who died in 2019, wrote “Honor Roll: The World War II Dead of Amsterdam, N.Y.” in 2010.

       Using Recorder clippings, museum collections and personal diaries, Going compiled information on 176 men from the Amsterdam area who died in the war.

       The first was William E. Hasenfuss, Jr. from a family of nine children on Northampton Road.  Hasenfuss had flown airplanes at an air field in Perth before enlisting in 1939.  He died at Hickham Air Field in Hawaii during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

       The last Amsterdam casualty was listed in the book as Seaman Orlie Charles Thomas, who died in Brooklyn Naval Hospital on November 23, 1945.  He had served aboard the battleship Mississippi in the Pacific.

       However in his blog called the Judge Report issued online some time after “Honor Roll” was published, Going wrote, “In researching old newspapers for the Amsterdam war dead of World War II, I stopped on June 30, 1946.  I should have kept going, as I now learn that yet another Amsterdam hero has gone unrecognized, and his may, in fact, be Amsterdam's last combat death of World War II, bringing the total up to about 180.”

       The Recorder reported on July 8, 1946, “Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Gawron, 7 Catherine Street, have been notified by the War Department that their son, Technical Sergeant Edward F. Gawron, previously reported missing in action July 3, 1945 over Japan, has now been officially declared dead. He was killed in action over Japan on the same date that he had been reported missing.”

       Born in Amsterdam in 1925, Gawron graduated from Wilbur H. Lynch High School in 1942.  His family called him Patch.  He was 20 years old when he died.

       He worked at Mohawk Carpet Mills while attending high school and after graduation was employed at the Naval Supply Depot in Scotia.  Inducted into military service April 10, 1943, he spent two months with the Medical Corps.  He requested and received a transfer to the Army Air Forces to become an air cadet. He attended gunnery school then went to Fort Myers, Florida to take training flights.

       Gawron came home on a 15-day furlough before going to the Mariana Islands with the 20th Air Force as a B-29 gunner. He was flying his 35th mission when his B-29 was shot down on Honshu Island by anti-aircraft fire.  

       The crew was on its last bombing mission which would have completed their tour of duty.  The war ended September 2, 1945.   

       According to Find A Grave Web site, Gawron’s plane was called Miss Hap.  The Web site also reported that Gawron was buried at a military cemetery in Missouri.  

       The condolences letter from Adjutant General Edward Witsell continued, “I realize the anguish you have suffered since he was first reported missing in action and I deeply regret the sorrow this later report brings you. May the knowledge that he has made the supreme sacrifice for his home and country be a source of sustaining comfort.”

       T/Sergeant Gawron was survived by his parents, Stephen and Julia Zintack Gawron; four brothers. Peter, Leonard, Joseph and Richard; six sisters, Connie, Sally, Veronica, Irene, Dolores and Mary. 

       Richard Gawron provided information for this column.  Richard and his wife Frances now live in Niskayuna.

       Richard’s parents were born in Poland.  Richard said his father built their house on Catherine Street off upper Church Street.  The family raised chickens.

       A 1932 City Directory listed Stephen Gawron’s job as a driver.  He also held jobs at M.J. Wytrwal Coal and Oil in Amsterdam and American Locomotive in Schenectady.

    Thanks to donations from Dave Northrup, Linda Wisniewski and John Woodward the Historians Podcast yearly fund drive now stands at $3,300.  To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $100 by Sunday, July 31, 2022  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.  You may give anonymously and no donation is too small.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Monday, July 25, 2022

    Showers and thunderstorms, mainly before 3pm. Some of the storms could produce gusty winds and heavy rain. High near 83. Southwest wind 9 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
    Monday Night
    Mostly clear, with a low around 55. West wind 5 to 10 mph.
    Tuesday
    Mostly sunny, with a high near 79. West wind 7 to 10 mph.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Monday, July 25, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    More money rolling into state’s casinos, less tax being collected
    SCHENECTADY — The slot machine tax reduction offered to New York’s casinos after COVID cut into their business appears to…
     
    Cobleskill man mows message supporting women’s rights
    COBLESKILL — When the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Roe v. Wade last month, effectively gutting abortion rights after nearly 50…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder
     
    Glen Town Board makes minor changes to solar law, final approval expected in August

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    8 min
  • Last Flight over Japan

    Last flight over Japan

    By Bob Cudmore

       Amsterdam attorney Robert N. Going, who died in 2019, wrote “Honor Roll: The World War II Dead of Amsterdam, N.Y.” in 2010.

       Using Recorder clippings, museum collections and personal diaries, Going compiled information on 176 men from the Amsterdam area who died in the war.

       The first was William E. Hasenfuss, Jr. from a family of nine children on Northampton Road.  Hasenfuss had flown airplanes at an air field in Perth before enlisting in 1939.  He died at Hickham Air Field in Hawaii during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

       The last Amsterdam casualty was listed in the book as Seaman Orlie Charles Thomas, who died in Brooklyn Naval Hospital on November 23, 1945.  He had served aboard the battleship Mississippi in the Pacific.

       However in his blog called the Judge Report issued online some time after “Honor Roll” was published, Going wrote, “In researching old newspapers for the Amsterdam war dead of World War II, I stopped on June 30, 1946.  I should have kept going, as I now learn that yet another Amsterdam hero has gone unrecognized, and his may, in fact, be Amsterdam's last combat death of World War II, bringing the total up to about 180.”

       The Recorder reported on July 8, 1946, “Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Gawron, 7 Catherine Street, have been notified by the War Department that their son, Technical Sergeant Edward F. Gawron, previously reported missing in action July 3, 1945 over Japan, has now been officially declared dead. He was killed in action over Japan on the same date that he had been reported missing.”

       Born in Amsterdam in 1925, Gawron graduated from Wilbur H. Lynch High School in 1942.  His family called him Patch.  He was 20 years old when he died.

       He worked at Mohawk Carpet Mills while attending high school and after graduation was employed at the Naval Supply Depot in Scotia.  Inducted into military service April 10, 1943, he spent two months with the Medical Corps.  He requested and received a transfer to the Army Air Forces to become an air cadet. He attended gunnery school then went to Fort Myers, Florida to take training flights.

       Gawron came home on a 15-day furlough before going to the Mariana Islands with the 20th Air Force as a B-29 gunner. He was flying his 35th mission when his B-29 was shot down on Honshu Island by anti-aircraft fire.  

       The crew was on its last bombing mission which would have completed their tour of duty.  The war ended September 2, 1945.   

       According to Find A Grave Web site, Gawron’s plane was called Miss Hap.  The Web site also reported that Gawron was buried at a military cemetery in Missouri.  

       The condolences letter from Adjutant General Edward Witsell continued, “I realize the anguish you have suffered since he was first reported missing in action and I deeply regret the sorrow this later report brings you. May the knowledge that he has made the supreme sacrifice for his home and country be a source of sustaining comfort.”

       T/Sergeant Gawron was survived by his parents, Stephen and Julia Zintack Gawron; four brothers. Peter, Leonard, Joseph and Richard; six sisters, Connie, Sally, Veronica, Irene, Dolores and Mary. 

       Richard Gawron provided information for this column.  Richard and his wife Frances now live in Niskayuna.

       Richard’s parents were born in Poland.  Richard said his father built their house on Catherine Street off upper Church Street.  The family raised chickens.

       A 1932 City Directory listed Stephen Gawron’s job as a driver.  He also held jobs at M.J. Wytrwal Coal and Oil in Amsterdam and American Locomotive in Schenectady.

    Fort Plain Museum Book Store

    With 5-plus days of Temperatures over 90 degrees here in the Mohawk River Valley, we thought this would be a great time to show all of our Loyal (and Loyalists) Supporters the Red Hot Deals on this Summer's Newest Book Releases.

    https://fortplainmuseum.square.site/ 

    This Weekend in The Daily Gazette and Amsterdam Recorder

    Focus on History 

    https://dailygazette.com/

    The undertaker and the telephone.

    Posted hear on The Historians next Sunday, July 31, 2022

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Sunday, July 24, 2022

    ...HEAT ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 8 PM EDT
    THIS EVENING...
    * WHAT...Heat index values of 95 to 100 expected.
    * WHERE...In Vermont, Eastern Windham County. In New York,
    Western Schenectady, Montgomery, Eastern Rensselaer, Southern
    Herkimer and Southern Fulton Counties. In Massachusetts,
    Berkshire County.
    * WHEN...From noon today to 8 PM EDT this evening.
    * IMPACTS...Hot temperatures and high humidity may cause heat
    illnesses to occur.
    PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
    Drink plenty of fluids, stay in an air-conditioned room, stay out
    of the sun, and check up on relatives and neighbors. Young
    children and pets should never be left unattended in vehicles
    under any circumstances.
    Take extra precautions if you work or spend time outside. When
    possible reschedule strenuous activities to early morning or
    evening. Know the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat
    stroke. Wear lightweight and loose fitting clothing when
    possible. To reduce risk during outdoor work, the Occupational
    Safety and Health Administration recommends scheduling frequent
    rest breaks in shaded or air conditioned environments. Anyone
    overcome by heat should be moved to a cool and shaded location.
    Heat stroke is an emergency! Call 9 1 1.

    Today
    Scattered showers and thunderstorms, mainly after 1pm. Some of the storms could produce gusty winds. Mostly sunny and hot, with a high near 92. Heat index values as high as 96. Light southwest wind increasing to 9 to 14 mph in the morning. Winds could gust as high as 24 mph. Chance of precipitation is 40%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
    Tonight
    Showers and thunderstorms. Some of the storms could produce heavy rain. Low around 69. Southwest wind 6 to 8 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. New rainfall amounts between a quarter and half of an inch possible.
    Monday
    Showers and thunderstorms, mainly before noon. Some of the storms could produce gusty winds. High near 82. Southwest wind 9 to 15 mph, with gusts as high as 25 mph. Chance of precipitation is 80%. New rainfall amounts between a tenth and quarter of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Sunday, July 24, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    ‘It’s a gem’: Fulton County Courthouse to celebrate 250 years this September
    For the first time, the New York State Court of Appeals is set to hear two cases in the Fulton…
     
    Driving numbers: Regional travel strong this year, but with some altered behavior
    LAKE GEORGE – The Haywards have traveled to Lake George every summer for more than 50 years. The Dutchess County…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder 

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    6 min
  • Saturday it is

    This Weekend in The Daily Gazette and Amsterdam Recorder

    Focus on History 

    https://dailygazette.com/

    The undertaker and the telephone.

    Bob is working on the email blast to friends, readers and listeners of The Historians and will dispatch today.

    Historians Go Fund Me Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302. Much Thanks

    Bob Cudmore and The Historians Podcast can be found on The Radio today and tomorrow across The Mohawk Valley and Southern Tiew of New York State

    Eastern Mohawk Valley at 106.9FM Amsterdam and 99.5FM in the Binghamton area.

    Saturday, July 23 2022

    Episode 233 David Fiske talks about a Charles Zimmy’s epic Hudson River swim from Albany to Manhattan in 1937.

    Tomorrow, Sunday, July 24, 2022

    Focus on History from Daily Gazette and Amsterdam Recorder-Last flight over Japan

    Born in Amsterdam in 1925, Gawron graduated from Wilbur H. Lynch High School in 1942.  His family called him Patch...

    The Historians interviews with Devin Lander and Lauren Roberts can be found "Down the Page"

    WAMC

    A New York Minute in History

    The Fulton County Courthouse: 250 Years of Legal History | A New York Minute in History

    Fort Ticonderoga today and tomorrow.

    Call Ahead

    1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022

    https://www.fortticonderoga.org/event/reenactment-1759-siege-of-carillon/2022-07-23/

    Don’t miss the epic two-day 1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022 as Fort Ticonderoga recreates this dramatic 1759 battle for the first time since 2011! Through a combination of demonstrations, vignettes, and battle reenactments, visitors will experience the British advance for Lake George, pushing through stiff French resistance to gain a foothold upon the previous year’s battlefield, overlooking the French-held fort.

    Mohawk Valley Weekend Weather, Saturday, July 23, 2022

    Sunny and hot, with a high near 94. Light west wind becoming southwest 8 to 13 mph in the morning.
    Tonight
    Isolated showers and thunderstorms before midnight. Partly cloudy, with a low around 68. West wind 5 to 7 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.
    Sunday
    A chance of showers and thunderstorms, mainly after 2pm. Mostly sunny and hot, with a high near 94. Heat index values as high as 99. Southwest wind 5 to 14 mph. Chance of precipitation is 40%. New rainfall amounts of less than a tenth of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Saturday, July 23, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Fulton County kidnapping suspect Wilson admits to Montgomery County charges, DA says; Elmore pleads not guilty
    FONDA – The Gloversville man facing kidnapping, assault and sexual abuse-related charges in both Fulton and Montgomery counties pleaded guilty…
     
    Another big rematch looms on Sunday in the Shuvee
    SARATOGA SPRINGS — Round 2 of the filly/mare rematch weekend at Saratoga Race Course takes place on Sunday, when Clairiere…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder 
     
    Nelliston receives funding to establish day care center
     
    NELLISTON — The village of Nelliston is set to establish its first day care center, in an..

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    7 min
  • Changed the name of the Village

    The Historians Podcast yearly fund drive is now at $3125.  To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $100.00 this weekend.  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.  You may give anonymously and no donation is too small.

    Controversy raged when Akin was mayor

    By Bob Cudmore

       Personal attacks and viciousness dominated the four years that Theron “Doc” Akin was Amsterdam mayor in the 1920s.

       Historian Hugh Donlon wrote that political pamphlets were full of “innuendos so gross and vicious that some of the campaign literature was later prized as collectors’ items.”

       Akin was born in Johnstown in 1855. His father Ethan was a prosperous farmer, attorney and landowner who lived near Amsterdam in Old Fort Johnson, which had been the home of the British colonial Indian agent Sir William Johnson.  In 1905, the Montgomery County Historical Society bought the old fort from the Akin family and continues to operate it as an historic site. 

       The younger Akin was a farmer and a dentist.  In 1909, he led the campaign to incorporate the area around the fort as the village of Akin and became the first village president.  

       Akin was elected to Congress in 1910, narrowly defeating popular Republican Cyrus Durey from Fulton County.

       A Progressjve, Akin’s campaign slogan was “The Full Dinner Pail.”  His posters showed a dinner pail empty except for a lemon.  He campaigned, some said, by trying to expose the errors of his opponents.

       In Washington, Akin angered the poor and powerful.  He berated a messenger on Capitol Hill who did not know who Akin was.  He had harsh words for President William Taft and called New York Senator Elihu Root “That refrigerated vulture of the dead.”

       While he was in Washington, the people of Akin, concerned with his antics in Congress, voted to change the name of their village to Fort Johnson.

       Akin tried but failed to get elected to Congress in 1912 and 1914.  At one rally in Gloversville he said, “You have more hypocrites in this city than any other place I know of.”

      Akin then set his sights on becoming mayor of Amsterdam, much to the chagrin of city leaders.  Running as both a Democrat and Republican, Akin was elected mayor in 1919.  

       Shortly after taking office, Akin suspended a longtime opponent, Police Chief Fred Packwood.  Akin appointed new members to the city health board after the existing board threatened to stop garbage and ash collection to embarrass the mayor.

       Akin began an investigation of illegal gambling. He disguised himself as a hoodlum and was arrested to probe conditions in the city jail.

       Leon Hall ran for mayor in 1921 with the slogan “Hall Akin Out.”  Akin trounced Hall by over three thousand votes. 

       Akin’s personal life raised some eyebrows.  He was married four times.  His first wife was Carrie Wallace Bell.  They had two children.  After the divorce, Bell founded an Amsterdam elementary school. 

       Akin’s second wife was Mary Sanford, the daughter of David Sanford.  She and Akin had one child.  Mary hauled Akin into court shortly after his term in Congress for non-payment of alimony.  Akin said he had not been able to save any money while he was a Congressman.  Akin’s third wife was Jenny Shelp Roberts, who left him in 1912.

       Mayor Akin and a woman named Jennie Bornt mysteriously left Amsterdam for three days early in his second term.  The Recorder learned the mayor had traveled to Bennington, Vermont, where a Methodist pastor married the couple in the church parsonage. 

       Republican Carl S. Salmon was elected Amsterdam mayor in 1923 and served for three terms of relative calm.  City employees did give Akin a watch and chain when he left office.  In 1927, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor.

       When Akin died of a stroke in 1933 he was 78 and living with his daughter.  He was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery in Tribes Hill.

    Friday, July 22, 2022-Episode 432-The third Highlights Edition of 2022 has excerpts from 12 podcasts including stolen Little League Dreams, an Erie Canal balladeer and a boy’s life in Ilion, New York.

    Saturday, July 23 2022

    Episode 233 David Fiske talks about a Charles Zimmy’s epic Hudson River swim from Albany to Manhattan in 1937.

    Fort Ticonderoga this Weekend

    1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022

    https://www.fortticonderoga.org/event/reenactment-1759-siege-of-carillon/2022-07-23/

    Don’t miss the epic two-day 1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022 as Fort Ticonderoga recreates this dramatic 1759 battle for the first time since 2011! Through a combination of demonstrations, vignettes, and battle reenactments, visitors will experience the British advance for Lake George, pushing through stiff French resistance to gain a foothold upon the previous year’s battlefield, overlooking the French-held fort.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Thursday, July 21, 2022

    A chance of showers and thunderstorms, then showers likely and possibly a thunderstorm after 2pm. Some of the storms could produce small hail and gusty winds. Partly sunny and hot, with a high near 90. Heat index values as high as 95. Light and variable wind becoming west 6 to 11 mph in the morning. Winds could gust as high as 23 mph. Chance of precipitation is 70%. New rainfall amounts of less than a tenth of an inch, except higher amounts possible in thunderstorms.
    Tonight
    A chance of showers before 8pm. Partly cloudy, with a low around 65. West wind 5 to 8 mph becoming calm after midnight. Winds could gust as high as 20 mph. Chance of precipitation is 30%. New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible.
    Friday
    A slight chance of showers and thunderstorms after 2pm. Sunny, with a high near 89. West wind 5 to 10 mph. Chance of precipitation is 20%.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Thursday, July 21, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Keeping of chickens topic of discussion in St. Johnsville, Rotterdam
    The village of St. Johnsville has tabled a proposed law to prohibit residents from raising and keeping chickens after the…
     
    Feds: Two sentenced in Montgomery County-connected national gas station skimming scheme
    ALBANY – Two Miami-area men were sentenced Wednesday for their roles in a national gas station skimming scheme uncovered in…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder  
     
    Fewer roads will be repaved in Amsterdam this year

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    12 min
  • Today, Something about the Courts

    Wednesday, July 20, 2022

    Stephen Riegel is author of Finding Judge Crater: A Life and Phenomenal Disappearance in Jazz Age NY.

    Despite a decades-long international manhunt led by the New York Police Department’s esteemed Missing Persons Bureau, the reason for Crater’s disappearance remains a confounding mystery. In the early months of the investigation, evidence implicated and imperiled New York’s top officials, including then-Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mayor Jimmy Walker, as well as the city’s Tammany Hall political machine, lawyers and judges, and a theater mogul.

    Thursday, July 21, 2022

    Mayor Theron Akin 

       Akin was elected to Congress in 1910, narrowly defeating popular Republican Cyrus Durey from Fulton County.

    Friday, July 22, 2022-Episode 432-The third Highlights Edition of 2022 has excerpts from 12 podcasts including stolen Little League Dreams, an Erie Canal balladeer and a boy’s life in Ilion, New York.

    Saturday, July 23 2022

    Episode 233 David Fiske talks about a Charles Zimmy’s epic Hudson River swim from Albany to Manhattan in 1937.

    Fort Ticonderoga this Weekend

    1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022

    https://www.fortticonderoga.org/event/reenactment-1759-siege-of-carillon/2022-07-23/

    Don’t miss the epic two-day 1759 Siege of Carillon Battle Reenactment, July 23-24, 2022 as Fort Ticonderoga recreates this dramatic 1759 battle for the first time since 2011! Through a combination of demonstrations, vignettes, and battle reenactments, visitors will experience the British advance for Lake George, pushing through stiff French resistance to gain a foothold upon the previous year’s battlefield, overlooking the French-held fort.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Wednesday, July 20, 2022

    ...HEAT ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON TODAY TO 8 PM EDT
    THIS EVENING...
    * WHAT...Heat index values of 95 to 99 expected.
    * WHERE...Western Schenectady, Northern Saratoga, Montgomery,
    Western Ulster, Southern Herkimer, Southern Fulton, Southeast
    Warren and Washington Counties in eastern New York.
    * WHEN...From noon today to 8 PM EDT this evening.
    * IMPACTS...Hot temperatures and high humidity may cause heat
    related illnesses to occur if precautions are not taken.
    PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
    Drink plenty of fluids, stay in an air-conditioned room, stay out
    of the sun, and check up on relatives and neighbors. Young
    children and pets should never be left unattended in vehicles
    under any circumstances.
    Take extra precautions if you work or spend time outside. When
    possible reschedule strenuous activities to early morning or
    evening. Know the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat
    stroke. Wear lightweight and loose fitting clothing when
    possible. To reduce risk during outdoor work, the Occupational
    Safety and Health Administration recommends scheduling frequent
    rest breaks in shaded or air conditioned environments. Anyone
    overcome by heat should be moved to a cool and shaded location.
    Heat stroke is an emergency! Call 9 1 1.
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Wednesday, July 20, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    SUNY Schenectady, FMCC receive funding for cannabis programs
    SCHENECTADY — SUNY Schenectady Community College is working to develop a program centered around the creation and marketing of cannabis edibles,…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder 
     
    Amsterdam mulls installing water meters with $3M grant app
     
    AMSTERDAM — The city will apply for $3 million in state grant funding to install water meters at... 

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    13 min
  • It was the staff Meal

    ...according to Bobs cousin Betty

    Cranesville restaurant had national reputation

    By Bob Cudmore

              Amsterdam memorabilia collector Jerry Snyder has provided a postcard view of the Tower Inn on old Route 5 in Cranesville when operated by Marion Bennett.  The building today is still a restaurant, Valentino’s.

    My cousin, Betty Segen Pronk was a waitress at the Tower from her senior year in high school through her early years as a teacher.  Norma-Jean Qualls was the daughter of a woman who was also a Tower waitress and a teacher.  Pronk and Qualls provided the following information. 

    Fred and Marion Bennett came from Westerly, Rhode Island, in the 1930s.  Their money may have derived from Mrs. Bennett’s mother, Mary Betty Chapman Campbell Lockwood.  There was a Southern aura about Mrs. Lockwood and the recipes at the Tower.

    To start their restaurant, the Bennetts bought the summer home of the Morris family, local mill owners.  When the Morrises lived there, the nearby railroad meant the maids changed the linens every day because of soot.  Tower waitresses swept the porch daily to get rid of cinders.

    Fred Bennett died during the 1940s.  By then, the Tower had received five stars from Duncan Hines, the Kentucky-born food critic.  Even during gasoline-starved World War II, people beat a path to the door.

    Specialties included half a baked chicken (the staff meal), steak, fish, ham and lobster.  Delectable dinner rolls and sweet cinnamon buns were baked first by Mrs. Lockwood, then by Mrs. Bennett.  In 1948, steak cost $5 and chicken was $2.50.

    Mrs. Bennett, her mother and the cook, Loutie Myers, all lived at the Tower, along with three cats.  A tiger cat lived with Myers on the third floor and Mrs. Bennett had two troublesome Persian cats—Brucie and Dickie. 

    Pronk said, “Dickie was usually the worst but one time after we girls had set a big dinner, Brucie came tearing down the stairs and went flying down the banquet table.  We had to start all over again.”

    Mrs. Bennett was active in Republican politics and a friend of Governor Thomas Dewey, almost elected President in 1948.  When that election approached, Mrs. Bennett wondered if Pronk’s parents—Peter and Jane Segen-- would vote for Dewey.  Pronk said her mom would but her father couldn’t, as he wasn’t a citizen, lacking papers from when he came from Ukraine.  Mrs. Bennett fixed it so Peter Segen became a citizen and a Dewey supporter.

    Amsterdam’s doctors, lawyers, bankers, and mill executives dined regularly at the Tower.  People rushed there after the Saratoga track in the summer as the restaurant stopped serving at 8:30 p.m.

    Qualls, who was four when her mother started at the restaurant, said, “I ‘helped’ Mr. Bennett greet customers and assisted the ‘girls’ in setting up the tables late at night. Often I would fall asleep on the floor--it was long past my bedtime.”

    Qualls said, “They had an Oldsmobile two-door coupe with a large trunk, and it was a workhorse.  Mrs. Bennett would load it with a barrel of live lobsters from (I think) Quandts, fresh veggies from the Menands Market where she drove at least once a week, or to Cooperstown to get Black Angus steaks.  She also picked up her peppermint ice cream from Voorhees Ice Cream shop on Prospect Street--in metal cans.   I traveled with her on many of these trips!”

    Mrs. Bennett succumbed to stomach cancer, around 1960.  The funeral was held at the restaurant and burial was in Rhode Island. 

    A niece or adopted child named Jean Bennett survived and oversaw the sale of the building and possessions.  Mrs. Bennett’s mother outlived her daughter, spending her last years on Market Street in Amsterdam.

    Your donations to The Historians thru Go Fund Me or in the US Mail help keep the electricty on for the gadgets in this picture

    Bob Cudmore at the controls in 19 something

    The Historians Podcast yearly fund drive at $3125.  To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $150.00 by this Friday, July 22, 2022.  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check in The U.S. Mail made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.

    Tomorrow  

    Wednesday, July 20, 2022

    Stephen Riegel is author of Finding Judge Crater: A Life and Phenomenal Disappearance in Jazz Age NY.

    Despite a decades-long international manhunt led by the New York Police Department’s esteemed Missing Persons Bureau, the reason for Crater’s disappearance remains a confounding mystery. In the early months of the investigation, evidence implicated and imperiled New York’s top officials, including then-Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mayor Jimmy Walker, as well as the city’s Tammany Hall political machine, lawyers and judges, and a theater mogul.

    “That refrigerated vulture of the dead.”

    Thursday, July 21, 2022- From the Archives of the Daily Gazette-Mayor Theron Akin 

       In Washington, Akin angered the poor and powerful.  He berated a messenger on Capitol Hill who did not know who Akin was.  He had harsh words for President William Taft and called New York Senator Elihu Root “That refrigerated vulture of the dead.”

    Friday, July 22, 2022-Episode 432-The third Highlights Edition of 2022 has excerpts from 12 podcasts including stolen Little League Dreams, an Erie Canal balladeer and a boy’s life in Ilion, New York.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Tuesday, July 19, 2022

    ...HEAT ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM NOON TO 8 PM EDT WEDNESDAY...
    * WHAT...Heat index values of 95 to 100 expected.
    * WHERE...The Hudson and Mohawk Valleys and Taconics in eastern
    New York, and northwest Connecticut.
    * WHEN...From noon to 8 PM EDT Wednesday.
    * IMPACTS...Hot temperatures and high humidity may cause heat
    illnesses to occur.
    PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
    Drink plenty of fluids, stay in an air-conditioned room, stay out
    of the sun, and check up on relatives and neighbors. Young
    children and pets should never be left unattended in vehicles
    under any circumstances.
    Take extra precautions if you work or spend time outside. When
    possible reschedule strenuous activities to early morning or
    evening. Know the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat
    stroke. Wear lightweight and loose fitting clothing when
    possible. To reduce risk during outdoor work, the Occupational
    Safety and Health Administration recommends scheduling frequent
    rest breaks in shaded or air conditioned environments. Anyone
    overcome by heat should be moved to a cool and shaded location.
    Heat stroke is an emergency! Call 9 1 1.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Tuesday, July 19, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Saratoga sees opening weekend jump in handle and attendance
    SARATOGA SPRINGS – Opening weekend at the track attracted more people and bigger handles than in 2021. The New York Racing…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder 
     
    Picture:Recorder
     
    Opposing petitions on dummy light in Canajoharie circulating

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    3 min
  • The Story About the Story

    The Historians Podcast yearly fund drive at $3125.  To stay on track to reach our $6,000 goal by year’s end we need to raise $150.00 by this Friday, July 22, 2022.  Please help by donating online here- https://www.gofundme.com/f/the-historians-podcast-2022  Or send a check in The U.S. Mail made out to Bob Cudmore to 125 Horstman Drive, Scotia, NY 12302.  

    Monday, July 18, 2022- The story behind the story podcast-Twilight League baseball, paging the doctor at the Glove Theatre

    Tuesday, July 19, 2022- From the Archives of the Daily Gazette-The Tower Inn

    My cousin, Betty Segen Pronk was a waitress at the Tower from her senior year in high school through her early years as a teacher.  Norma-Jean Qualls was the daughter of a woman who was also a Tower waitress and a teacher.  Pronk and Qualls provided the following information. 

    The Twilight League; Paging the Doctor

    By Bob Cudmore

       After minor league baseball ended in Amsterdam in the 1950s, town resident Frederick J. Mitchell recalled that two Amsterdam teams participated in the Schenectady Twilight League, playing home games at what was still called Mohawk Mills Park.

       There were about eight teams in the Twilight League which Mitchell recollected existed from 1959 to 1967.  One Amsterdam squad was called the Rugmakers, the same name used by the former New York Yankees minor league franchise.   

       Mitchell said the Rugmakers were mainly college and high school students, in general younger than members of the other Amsterdam team, called the Textiles, many of whom had played minor league ball in the area.  The Textiles were sponsored by the carpet mill union, the Textile Workers Union of America.

       Mitchell wrote, “Both teams enjoyed very good fan support and the attendance in Amsterdam exceeded that of any club from Schenectady.  A rivalry developed here, needless to say, but never a bitter one.  In fact, most fans supported both entities.” 

    BILL FENNHAHN 

       In 1961 Bill Fennhahn pitched for the Amsterdam Textiles.  The junior high textile shop instructor, Fennhahn was president of the city teachers’ union.

       Fennhahn was wounded several times in World War II.  His worst injuries were sustained when his legs were broken and nerve fibers severed by machine gun fire in Germany. 

       Fennhahn’s daughter, Patricia Fennhahn Dunn, said her dad became a teacher when his injuries prevented him from signing on with St. Louis to play baseball.

    ALL STARS

       Mitchell said at least during one year, two all-star games were played in the Twilight League, one at Schenectady’s Central Park and the other in Amsterdam.

       Mitchell said, “At that late game I recall watching a walk off home run sail over the left field screen.  It was hit by Billy Connors, who later became a Yankee pitching coach.” 

       Mitchell is grateful to the Amsterdam Mohawks, who now play at the refurbished former Mohawk Mills Park. 

       The ball field was renamed Shuttleworth Park to honor the late Herbert Shuttleworth II, the carpet mill executive who at one time headed the Rugmakers in the Canadian-American League and who continued the Mohawk Carpet company practice of financially supporting the ballpark. 

       In the Twilight League era, Mitchell recalled that food and soft drinks were available, but no beer.  Mitchell said beer was not sold there during the Shuttleworth years, even when the team was the Yankee farm team in the Canadian American League.

       Mitchell said, “The Yankees (who played twice in Amsterdam in the 1940s) were not at all happy with that, so I’ve been told.”

    PAGING THE DOCTOR

       A sign that could flash a number hung inside the Glove Theatre in downtown Gloversville sixty years ago, next to the clock that advertised WENT radio. 

       Bob Landrio of Johnstown wrote, “I was told doctors attending a movie would be issued a number and if they had an emergency call the number would illuminate to go to the office.”

       Landrio said that there frequently was a long line to get into the Glove Theatre, “And you learned quickly where and where not to sit.  Staying out of firing range of the balcony was a priority, especially with a date!” 

       Landrio and his wife Debbie have created the Town Line Museum on Route 29 that remembers the 1950s and early 1960s with memorabilia ranging from jukeboxes and arcade games to Pez dispensers. 

       They have turned a building on their family property into a replica of a 1962-era gas station, ice cream parlor, barbershop, grocery store and more.  The museum is open until Labor Day by appointment made by calling 762-5853.

    Wednesday, July 20, 2022-From the Archives- December 3, 2021-Episode 399 Stephen Riegel is author of Finding Judge Crater: A Life and Phenomenal Disappearance in Jazz Age NY.

    Thursday, July 21, 2022- From the Archives of the Daily Gazette-Mayor Theron Akin 

    Personal attacks and viciousness dominated the four years that Theron “Doc” Akin was Amsterdam mayor in the 1920s. 

       Historian Hugh Donlon wrote that political pamphlets were full of “innuendos so gross and vicious that some of the campaign literature was later prized as collectors’ items.”

    Friday, July 22, 2022-Episode 432-The third Highlights Edition of 2022 has excerpts from 12 podcasts including stolen Little League Dreams, an Erie Canal balladeer and a boy’s life in Ilion, New York.

    Mohawk Valley Weather, Monday, July 18, 2022

    Showers and thunderstorms likely, then showers and possibly a thunderstorm after 10am. High near 78. Light east wind becoming southeast 5 to 10 mph in the morning. Chance of precipitation is 90%. New rainfall amounts between a half and three quarters of an inch possible.
    Tonight
    A chance of showers and thunderstorms. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 67. Southwest wind 6 to 9 mph. Chance of precipitation is 30%. New rainfall amounts between a quarter and half of an inch possible.
    Tuesday
    Mostly sunny, with a high near 87. West wind 10 to 13 mph, with gusts as high as 23 mph.
     
    Mohawk Valley News Headlines, Monday, July 18, 2022
     
    Daily Gazette
     
    Unusual conditions created by August primary, special election
    MONTGOMERY COUNTY — Some voters will cast two ballots in separate elections on Aug. 23, according to the Montgomery County… 
     
    Around The County: Inaugural Schenectady history column
    As an incoming 18-year-old freshman at Union College, Frank Taormina was impressed with the campus. It was 1946 and as…

    https://dailygazette.com/

     
    Amsterdam Recorder
     
    Mohawks win franchise-record 14th straight game
     
    After officially clinching the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League East Division championship...

    https://www.recordernews.com/

    Leader Herald

    Make Us A Part Of Your Day

    https://www.leaderherald.com/

    7 min

About The Historians

From the publisher's feed

The Historians is a weekly audio interview podcast that features authors and other guests who discuss the rich heritage of the Mohawk Valley NY region and the nation.