This episode of The IR thinker examines how radicalisation is evolving across Western democracies, in conversation with Professor Tahir Abbas. Moving from the storming of the US Capitol and far-right online mobilisation in the United States, through post-Brexit identity politics and the Prevent strategy in the United Kingdom, to intergenerational tensions and social unrest in Western Europe, the discussion unpacks how online ecosystems, crises of capitalism, migration debates and gendered vulnerabilities interact to produce diverse pathways into extremism. The episode explores the blurred boundaries between extremism and terrorism, the rise of the incel subculture, transnational networks behind riots and protests, and the “Gaza effect” on British Muslim politics.

Professor Tahir Abbas is Professor of Criminology and Global Justice at Aston University in Birmingham, and formerly Professor of Radicalisation Studies at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs at Leiden University. His interdisciplinary work spans criminology, sociology, politics, Islamic studies and critical terrorism studies, with a particular focus on radicalisation, extremism and political violence in Western contexts. He has authored and edited around twenty books, delivered lectures in over one hundred cities worldwide, and led the EU H2020 DRIVE project, which investigated how social exclusion, disenchantment and marginalisation shape polarising ideas, values and beliefs in north-western Europe.

Publications:

Capitalism, State Power, and the Production of Extremism

Global counter-terrorism: A decolonial approach

Voices of Gen Z

Protecting the people: populism and masculine security in India and Hungary

Islamophobia and Radicalisation: A Vicious Cycle

Muslim Britain: communities under pressure

Content

00:00 – Introduction

02:07 – Online platforms, far-right mobilisation, and the January 6 attack (USA)

05:30 – Online communication patterns preceding offline violence (USA)

08:33 – Framing extremist groups as terrorist organisations: unintended consequences (USA)

10:46 – Drawing the line between extremism and terrorism (USA)

14:32 – The rise of the incel subculture and gendered vulnerabilities (USA)

19:13 – Summary of US radicalisation

22:32 – Post-Brexit identity politics and the Prevent strategy (UK)

31:11 – Transnational networks and the 2023 riots (UK)

34:57 – The Gaza effect, British Muslim identity, and electoral mobilisation (UK)

39:31 – Summary of UK radicalisation

42:51 – Intergenerational differences within migrant and minority communities (Western Europe)

48:44 – Youth, information exposure, and latent radicalisation risks (Western Europe)

51:33 – Crises of capitalism, migration debates, and social unrest (Western Europe)

54:02 – Summary of Western European radicalisation

56:06 – Researching Radicalisation: Challenges and Reflections

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This episode of The IR thinker looks beyond the clichés about “debt-trap diplomacy” to examine how Africa–China relations actually function in practice, in conversation with Dr Emmanuel Matambo. The discussion contrasts Western narratives with the pragmatism of African elites, explores China’s media portrayal of Africa, and examines persistent trade imbalances, industrialisation prospects and value addition on the continent. We consider whether African negotiation styles offer advantages, how technology transfer and the energy crisis shape Beijing’s role in Africa, and whether it matters if digital and energy infrastructure is sourced from Western or Chinese firms.

The conversation also addresses non-interference versus conditional aid and their implications for governance in fragile states, China’s influence in and around the African Union, the quality of Chinese diplomatic engagement, and the impact of Confucius Institutes, cultural outreach and labour practices.

Dr Emmanuel Matambo is Research Director at the Centre for Africa–China Studies (CACS) at the University of Johannesburg, specialising in Africa’s evolving relationship with China. Working within a broadly constructivist framework with a particular focus on people-to-people relations, he investigates how ideas, identities and everyday interactions shape what are often portrayed as purely strategic or material partnerships. He holds a PhD in political science from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, where he later served as a postdoctoral fellow, and has been a fellow of the Wilson Center’s Africa Program and the Atlantic Council’s Millennium Leadership Program. From 2026 he will be an Iso Lomso Fellow at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), conducting research on Zambia’s shifting perceptions of China at both state and subnational levels.

Publications:

South Africa-China Relations: A Constructivist Perspective

Constructing China’s identity in Zambian politics: a tale of expediency and resignation

Content

00:00 – Introduction

01:55 – Pragmatism vs. “Debt-Trap Diplomacy”: How African Elites and Western Narratives Differ

07:29 – Africa’s Image in Chinese Media

10:17 – Trade Imbalances, Industrialisation, and Value Addition in Africa–China Relations

15:06 – Negotiating with China: Is African Directness an Advantage?

18:51 – Technology Transfer, the Energy Crisis, and China’s Role in Africa

24:54 – Western vs. Chinese Technology: Does the Source Matter for Africa?

29:07 – Non-Interference vs. Conditional Aid: Implications for Governance in Fragile States

34:20 – China’s Geopolitical Influence on the African Union

36:37 – The Calibre of Chinese Diplomats and Officials in Africa

39:14 – Confucius Institutes and Their Impact in Africa

43:05 – Is There a South African Equivalent of the Confucius Institute in China?

46:16 – Chinese Cultural and Media Outreach: Shaping African Youth Perceptions

49:07 – Labour Rights and Chinese Companies in Africa: Current Trends and Improvements

51:05 – The African Diaspora, China Research, and New Avenues of Cooperation

53:55 – Research Priorities of the Centre for Africa-China Studies, University of Johannesburg

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This episode of The IR thinker explores the changing landscape of maritime piracy and security with Professor Tim Edmunds, tracing how piracy has evolved from traditional coastal raiding to more organised, networked forms of criminality at sea. The conversation examines the structure and scale of pirate groups, the onshore political and economic conditions that sustain them, and the mixed record of international anti-piracy measures. It then turns to wider challenges for the global maritime order, including “grey-zone” tactics at sea, strategic competition around chokepoints and artificial islands, debates over updating UNCLOS, and growing vulnerabilities linked to critical undersea infrastructure, highlighting some of the most pressing and under-researched questions in contemporary maritime security.

Professor Timothy Edmunds is Professor of International Security and Head of the School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies at the University of Bristol. A leading specialist in security policy, capacity building and security sector reform with a particular focus on the maritime domain, he is co-director of the SafeSeas Network and has played an advisory role in UK policy processes, including work on the 2022 UK National Strategy for Maritime Security. His research on maritime security has been supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, the British Academy and the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme, and he previously served as founding Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of International Security for Cambridge University Press and BISA.

Publications:

Understanding maritime security

Securing the Seas: A Comprehensive Assessment of Global Maritime Security

Pragmatic ordering: Informality, experimentation, and the maritime security agenda

Innovation and New Strategic Choices

Blue crime: Conceptualising transnational organised crime at sea

Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies

Content

00:00 - Introduction

02:10 - Evolution of Maritime Piracy

10:11 - Organization of Pirate Groups

13:27 - Structural Conditions Fuelling Piracy

20:16 - Size and Scale of Piracy Groups

24:08 - Effectiveness of Anti-Piracy Measures

31:04 - Defining Assertiveness in Maritime Spaces

36:33 - Grey-Zone Tactics at Sea

43:50 - Innovating UNCLOS for Maritime Order

53:05 - Maritime Chokepoints: Ownership and Control

59:25 - Artificial Islands and Maritime Security

01:01:43 - Threats to Undersea Infrastructure

01:07:02 - Most Challenging Areas in Maritime Security Research

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This episode of The IR thinker examines how universities and academics operate as informal diplomatic actors in the European Union’s foreign policy, in conversation with Dr Marina Cino Pagliarello. The discussion explores the growing role of “academic diplomacy” in contexts such as the war in Ukraine and EU–Africa relations, highlighting how higher education partnerships, mobility schemes and research collaborations can project EU norms on human rights, sustainability and rule of law, while also advancing strategic interests. We look at the tensions between academic autonomy and foreign policy objectives, the specific challenges of engagement in authoritarian or contested environments, and the ways programmes such as Erasmus+, Horizon Europe and the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions might be reformed to respond more effectively to geopolitical pressures, reduce elitism and address underexplored dimensions of inclusivity and hierarchy in EU academic outreach.

Dr Marina Cino Pagliarello is a strategic adviser and consultant specialising in academic diplomacy, university positioning and international partnerships. She is currently a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research Fellow at the European University Institute and a Senior Research Associate at LSE Consulting, working at the intersection of EU politics, public policy and transnational higher education. Drawing on extensive experience in European university alliances and high-level institutional engagement, she helps universities and public bodies design and implement international strategies that make effective use of education and research as tools of soft power in an increasingly competitive global landscape.

Publications:

Integration theories and European education policy: Bringing the role of ideas back in

Ideas and European education policy, 1973-2020: Constructing the Europe of knowledge?

Unpacking ambiguity in ideational change: The polysemy of the ‘Europe of Knowledge’

Chapters

00:00 – Introduction

01:43 – Universities as Informal Diplomatic Actors in EU Foreign Policy

07:43 – Academic Diplomacy During the War in Ukraine

13:32 – Balancing Academic Autonomy and EU Foreign Policy Goals

19:37 – Challenges in Authoritarian or Contested Environments

25:00 – EU–Africa University Cooperation Frameworks

28:31 – Promoting EU Norms: Human Rights, Sustainability, and More

33:04 – EU Funding Mechanisms: Erasmus+, Horizon, MSCA

40:50 – Reforming and Strengthening EU Academic Programmes

44:54 – Institutional Hierarchies in Academic Diplomacy

48:15 – Geopolitical Pressures on Academic Engagement

53:36 – Inclusivity vs. Elitism in EU Academic Deployment

01:00:12 – Gaps and Underresearched Areas in Academic Diplomacy

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This episode of The IR thinker explores the deepening strategic partnership between Japan and the Philippines with Dr Satoru Nagao, tracing the evolution from post-war reparations to a mature security and economic relationship in today’s Indo-Pacific. The conversation examines how Tokyo’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision is understood in Manila, why the Philippines is not part of the Quad, and whether Japan is doing enough on defence cooperation in the face of shared challenges such as North Korean missiles and Chinese assertiveness. We unpack the significance of the Reciprocal Access Agreement, Japan’s economic role and “new capitalism” in the Philippine context, the security implications of Japanese radar grants, and the dynamics of Japan–US–Philippines trilateral ties, before turning to what is often overlooked in this relationship and where future research on Japan–Philippines cooperation should be heading.

Dr Satoru Nagao is a non-resident fellow at the Hudson Institute and a leading expert on Indo-Pacific security. He holds a PhD from Gakushuin University and has advised Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defence, as well as holding research positions at prominent strategic institutes in Japan, the United States, India and Sri Lanka. His work focuses on defence cooperation, maritime security and emerging strategic partnerships across the Indo-Pacific, with particular attention to how regional actors such as Japan and the Philippines respond to shifting great-power competition.

Publications:

Strategies for the Indo-Pacific: Perceptions of the U.S. and Like-Minded Countries

America Is on the Road to Win in the Competition with China. What Should the Quad Do?

What Should India Do Now to Fight China’s Provocations?

India, Japan, and the Dragon’s Fire: Making the Quad Work

Japan’s Bold Steps to Emerge as Main Security Provider in Indo-Pacific Region amid China’s Expansionism

Three legacies left by former PM Abe: What comes next?

Content

00:00 – Introduction

01:59 – From War to Partnership: The Legacy of Reparations

05:30 – Japan’s Indo-Pacific Vision: What It Means for Manila

17:41 – Why Isn’t the Philippines in the QUAD?

20:21 – Defence Ties: Is Japan Doing Enough?

25:59 – North Korea’s Missiles: A Shared Security Challenge

30:56 – What the Reciprocal Access Agreement Really Means

36:00 – Japan’s Economic Power in the Philippines

38:32 – New Capitalism vs. Inclusive Growth

42:18 – Radar Grants and Regional Security

45:26 – Trilateral Ties: Japan, US & the Philippines under Trump

48:45 – What Everyone Overlooks in Japan–Philippines Cooperation

51:58 – Underresearched: Future Directions for Scholars

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This episode of The IR thinker offers an in-depth tour of American foreign policy under Donald Trump’s second term with Associate Professor Hussein Banai, tracing the shift from disruption to a more confident, unilateral consolidation of “America First” abroad. Moving across key regions – from the Korean Peninsula and the Middle East to Europe, Russia, China and Latin America – the conversation unpacks how presidential style, US political culture, and the think-tank ecosystem shape decision-making inside institutions such as the National Security Council. The episode culminates in an extended discussion of the 2025 Israel–Iran conflict, including the recent US strikes on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and what they reveal about Trump’s approach to coercion, alliance management and strategic risk in a more fragmented international order.

Dr Hussein Banai is Associate Professor of International Studies at the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies, Indiana University, a Research Affiliate at the Center for International Studies at MIT, and currently a visiting fellow at the Perry World House, University of Pennsylvania. In autumn 2024 he was the Zahedi Family Fellow at the Program in Iranian Studies at Stanford University. His work bridges international relations and political theory, with a particular focus on political ideologies, conflict, diplomatic history and practice, and the politics of modern Iran.

Publications:

Hidden Liberalism: Burdened Visions of Progress in Modern Iran

Republics of Myth

Content

00:00 - Introduction

02:17 - From Disruption to Consolidation: Trump’s Second Term Strategy

07:45 - Trump’s Confident Unilateralism in Foreign Policy

10:54 - American Political Culture and the Think Tank Ecosystem

15:18 - America First Policy: Domestic Appeal and Implementation

22:16 - The Strategic Use of “America First” Despite International Concerns

24:29 - Inside the National Security Council: Roles and Functions

30:23 - Personnel Quality in US Foreign Policy Decision-Making

35:01 - Decoding US Foreign Policy Statements: Research Challenges

38:56 - North Korea Diplomacy: Prospects for a Second Trump-Kim Summit

41:38 - Middle East Triangulation: US-Israel-Iran Relations and Trump-Netanyahu Dynamics

50:11 - Steve Witkoff’s Contrasting Negotiation Mandates

53:16 - Trump’s Scepticism Toward Multilateral Institutions and Frameworks

57:27 - Neighbours First - Trump’s Approach to Canada, Mexico, and Latin America

01:04:03 - Understanding Trump’s Foreign Policy Through IR Theories

01:09:12 – EU vs. Member States: Trump’s Fragmented View of Europe

01:14:37 – Trump’s Geopolitical Take on the EU: Weakness, Irrelevance, or Rival?

01:20:28 – China Policy: Strategic Rivalry Meets Economic Interdependence

01:25:33 – Taiwan’s Role in Trump’s China Strategy

01:29:23 – Trump and Putin: Personal Chemistry and Strategic Ambiguity

01:37:20 – U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Tools of Pressure or Leverage for a Deal?

01:42:25 – Why Trump Believes Iran Must Never Go Nuclear

01:47:32 – Iran in Trump’s First Term: Maximum Pressure, Minimal Results?

01:57:58 – 2025 Israel-Iran Conflict - U.S Strike on Iran’s Nuclear Infrastructure

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This episode of The IR thinker asks why some regions become durable zones of peace while others remain mired in recurrent conflict, in conversation with Professor Arie M. Kacowicz. Drawing on his work on the Zone of Peace concept, the discussion traces its theoretical origins, engages with and moves beyond notions such as security communities, and asks how perspectives from the Global South can help to decolonise peace theory. Comparing cases such as South America, West Africa, ASEAN and the Middle East, the episode explores the conditions under which regional orders transition from conflict to stable peace, how norms of non-interference and regional solidarity operate in practice, and what the framework can offer to contemporary policy debates, including the tension between democracy, authoritarian stability and the preservation of peace.

Professor Arie M. Kacowicz holds the Chaim Weizmann Chair in International Relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he has taught since 1993. A leading peace scholar, he has served as Chair of the Department of International Relations and as President of the Israeli Association of International Studies. His research spans alternative pathways for resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the role of international society, the international relations of Latin America, globalisation and International Relations theory. His current programme focuses on the normative dimensions of international relations, peace research and regional orders, with particular attention to how zones of peace emerge, endure and may be replicated in other parts of the world.

Publications:

Peaceful Territorial Change

Explaining Zones of Peace: Democracies as Satisfied Powers?

Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective

The Impact of Norms in International Society: The Latin American Experience, 1881 - 2001

Content

00:00 - Introduction

02:28 - The Genesis of Zone of Peace Theory: From Regional Puzzles to Global Concepts

06:21 - Why Study Peace Over Conflict? A Scholar’s Perspective

07:58 - Theoretical Foundations: Which IR Schools Shaped Zone of Peace Theory?

12:25 - Beyond Security Communities: Distinguishing Zones of Peace from Deutsch’s Framework

19:28 - Decolonizing Peace Theory: Addressing Global South Perspectives in IR

23:36 - South America vs West Africa: Why Some Regions Achieve Lasting Peace

29:01 - ASEAN’s Peaceful Paradox: Non-Interference Despite Internal Tensions

35:48 - From Conflict to Peace: Can the Middle East Transform Its Security Dynamics?

48:01 - Practical Applications: Using Zone of Peace Theory in Today’s World

58:49 - Authoritarian States and Peace: Navigating Democracy vs Stability

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This episode of The IR thinker looks ahead to the political and economic future of Syria in a post-Assad scenario, in conversation with Dr Joseph Daher. The discussion explores whether a new order would genuinely break with Syria’s entrenched war economy or merely reconfigure existing networks of power and patronage, and what might happen to Assad’s inner circle. It examines the current state of Syria’s economy, the role of technocrats, expatriates and the wider diaspora in any reconstruction process, and how religion may shape post-conflict politics and social life. The episode also considers potential income sources for reconstruction, contrasts the likely approaches of Middle Eastern and Western states, and assesses the roles of Russia, China and regional dynamics involving Turkey and the Kurds in reshaping Syria’s diplomacy and external relations.

Dr Joseph Daher is a scholar of the contemporary Middle East specialising in political economy, political Islam and modern regional history, with a particular focus on Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Palestine. He is an associate researcher at the Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies and, between 2018 and 2024, was a visiting professor at the European University Institute in Florence, where he contributed to and co-led major research projects on the Syrian war economy and post-conflict trajectories. He has published widely in English, French and Arabic in academic journals and research outlets, and is the founder of the blog Syria Freedom Forever, a platform dedicated to critical analysis of Syrian politics and society.

Publications:

Hezbollah: The political economy of Lebanon’s Party of God

Syria after the uprisings: The political economy of state resilience

The deep roots of the depreciation of the Syrian pound

Syria’s manufacturing sector: The model of economic recovery in question

State institutions and regime networks as service providers in Syria

Water scarcity, mismanagement and pollution in Syria

Content

00:00 - Introduction

02:50 - Post-Assad Order: Continuity or Break from Syria’s War Economy?

07:34 - Fate of Assad’s Inner Circle: Where Are They Now?

12:02 - Current State of Syria’s Economy

21:47 - Technocrats and Expatriates in Syria’s Government: Redistribution of Resources

28:17 - Role of Syrian Diaspora and Leaders in Exile

31:38 - Religion’s Influence in Syria’s Reconstruction and Post-Assad Era

36:52 - Main Potential Income Sources for Syria in Reconstruction

43:34 - Approaches of Middle Eastern States vs. Western Economies towards Syria: Solidarity or Profit-Driven?

47:00 - Role of Russia and China in Syria’s Reconstruction

52:48 - Geopolitical Triangle: Turkey, Syria, and the Kurds

58:04 - Strengthening Syria’s International Diplomacy

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This episode of The IR thinker explores the evolving landscape of governance in Africa with Dr Gilbert A. Ang’ana, focusing on how institutional weaknesses, intra-governmental collaboration and decentralisation shape political and developmental outcomes across the continent. The conversation examines how “good governance” is defined and received in different African contexts, the often-neglected importance of coordination within and between state institutions, and the role of the African Union in addressing structural constraints. It also considers responsible negotiation as an alternative to traditional conflict resolution, the influence of tribes, minorities, donors and corporations on policy choices, and how digitalisation, tech competition and basic infrastructure – especially electricity access – will condition the success of future governance reforms.

Dr Gilbert A. Ang’ana is a leadership and governance researcher and practitioner specialising in African contexts. He is CEO of Accent Leadership Group and Executive Director of the Accent Global Initiative, a think tank promoting good governance and policy innovation, and currently a Policy Leader Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence. In addition, he serves as Chair of Learning Facilitation for Rotary International District 9212 and is an adjunct lecturer in Strategic Leadership and Management at ACT University in Kigali, Rwanda, combining academic insight with practical experience in capacity-building and institutional development.

Publications:

Re-thinking good governance in Africa : the strategic role of intra-government collaboration and responsible negotiation

From external focus to internal reflection : enhancing intra-government collaborative governance in Africa

Content

00:00 – Introduction

01:56 – Defining “Good Governance” in the African Context

05:44 – Reception of Good Governance Models Across African States

07:53 – Intra-Government Collaboration: An Overlooked Pillar of Governance

11:13 – Case Studies: Successes and Failures in Intra-Governmental Collaboration

12:56 – Institutional and Political Barriers to Effective Collaboration

16:42 – Roots of Institutional Weakness and the Role of the African Union

20:24 – Centralisation vs. Decentralisation of Power in Africa

22:27 – Challenges in Decentralising Key Governance Elements

25:58 – Intra-Governmental Collaboration as Mediator or Moderator of Governance Outcomes?

30:21 – Governance Education and Capacity-Building Initiatives in Africa

34:45 – “Responsible Negotiation” vs. Traditional Conflict Resolution Methods

39:44 – Role of Tribes and Minorities in Shaping Good Governance

43:31 – Navigating Donor Influence and Corporate Pressure: Striving for Epistemic Autonomy

47:26 – Digitalisation’s Role in Advancing Governance in Africa

51:26 – Competing Interests: International vs. Local Tech Enterprises

55:28 – The Power Challenge: Electricity Access as a Prerequisite for Digital Progress

58:50 – Key Governance Reforms Needed for Africa’s Future

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This episode of The IR thinker asks whether nuclear power is set to become a cornerstone of Kazakhstan’s energy strategy, in conversation with political analyst Eldaniz Gusseinov. The discussion examines the country’s position as a major uranium producer, domestic debates over renewables versus traditional energy sources, and how decisions on nuclear power are actually made within Kazakhstan’s political system. It explores the legacy of Soviet-era nuclear plans and former test sites, the role of civil society and external consultants in shaping public consent, and the broader geopolitical stakes as Russia, China, France and South Korea compete for the anticipated reactor contract. The episode also considers security concerns, the possibility of a multinational consortium, and the often-overlooked dimensions of Kazakhstan’s energy security in a shifting regional and global context.

Eldaniz Gusseinov is a Non-Resident Fellow at the Heydar Aliyev Centre for Eurasian Studies at Ibn Khaldun University and co-founder of Nightingale Intelligence International. His work focuses on EU–Central Asia relations, foreign policy analysis and Eurasian geopolitics, with particular attention to how external powers engage with the region’s energy and infrastructure choices.

Content

00:00 – Introduction

01:38 – Is Nuclear Power Essential for Kazakhstan?

04:06 – Public Opinion on Renewable versus Traditional Energy in Kazakhstan

07:38 – Who Makes the Decisions on Nuclear Power Plants in Kazakhstan?

12:01 – The History of Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Power Plans: Why Wasn’t a Soviet Plant Built?

17:28 – The Current State of Kazakhstan’s Former Nuclear Test Sites

19:20 – The Role of Civil Society in Nuclear Power Decision-Making

23:52 – Will Kazakhstan Engage a Third-Party Consultant for Its Nuclear Plans?

25:01 – Kazakhstan’s Uranium Production and Its Role in Nuclear Strategy

31:43 – Implications if Russia Wins the Nuclear Power Contract

41:49 – Implications if China Wins the Nuclear Power Contract

43:36 – Implications if France Wins the Nuclear Power Contract

44:51 – Implications if South Korea Wins the Nuclear Power Contract

46:37 – Could a Multinational Consortium Build Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Plant?

48:07 – Timeline for Kazakhstan’s Final Decision on the Nuclear Plant

49:03 – Security Concerns Related to Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Power Project

55:39 – Public Perceptions of the Nuclear Power Development Process

58:22 – Overlooked Dimensions of Kazakhstan’s Energy Security

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