The first covid-19 vaccines came from rapid innovation. They have already saved millions of lives. What new technologies are in the pipeline?

Robin Shattock’s team at Imperial College London is developing a self-amplifying RNA vaccine.

Moz Siddiqui of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, describes a drone system delivering shots to remote areas.

And Pamela Bjorkman of the California Institute of Technology explains her research into a universal coronavirus vaccine that could protect against future pandemics.

Alok Jha and Natasha Loder are joined by Oliver Morton, The Economist’s briefings editor.

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