The Rural Scoop

Episode Summary:
In this episode of The Rural Scoop, we’re joined by Dave Dumon, superintendent of the Altar Valley Elementary School District in Arizona. With over a decade of leadership in a geographically vast but tightly knit rural district, Dave shares his journey from teacher to superintendent, the unique strengths of his community, and the innovative strategies his team is using to address challenges like staffing shortages and community engagement. Grounded in a “grow-your-own” philosophy, Dave emphasizes the power of place-based leadership, authentic relationships, and investing in local talent. His story offers both inspiration and practical insight for anyone navigating the complexities and opportunities of rural education.
Key Discussion Points:
- Leadership Journey: Dave reflects on his path to becoming superintendent, including the influence of mentors and the transition from teacher to principal to district leader.
- Rural Strengths: Highlights of Altar Valley’s strong community ties, including staff who return to work where they grew up and the district’s unique geographic and cultural identity.
- Staffing Innovations: Creative approaches to staffing shortages, including international recruitment and grow-your-own pipelines through local paraprofessionals and parent volunteers.
- Community Engagement: How Altar Valley leverages partnerships with fire departments, local organizations, and events like family fun nights to foster strong school-community relationships.
- Programs That Work: Success stories from their summer youth employment program, Family Resource Center, and literacy initiatives through ADE’s LETRS and Project Momentum.
- Place-Based Education: Efforts to honor local culture, including folklore dance programs and 4-H connections, to deepen student engagement and pride.
- Policy Wishlist: Dave’s “magic wand” for rural education would increase compensation for rural teachers to address recruitment and retention challenges.
- Advice for Aspiring Leaders: Thoughtful change, listening first, and embracing the adaptability of small systems.
Closing Summary:
Dave Dumon’s leadership is a testament to the power of knowing your community deeply and using that knowledge to shape meaningful and lasting change. His focus on relationships, resilience, and resourcefulness reflects the best of what rural education has to offer. Whether you’re a new leader or a seasoned educator, this episode serves as a reminder that rural schools thrive when leaders root their work in place, people, and purpose.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary:
In this dynamic episode of The Rural Scoop, host Dr. Melissa Sadorf welcomes Christian Jackson, tech entrepreneur and founder of Edapt, to discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can revolutionize rural education. Christian unpacks his journey from a curious student to an edtech leader and keynote speaker for the upcoming 2025 Arizona Rural Schools Association (ARSA) Conference. The conversation explores how rural educators can use AI to reclaim valuable time—what Christian calls "time dollars"—from administrative and compliance tasks and reinvest that time in student-centered work and strategic thinking. The episode is a practical, forward-looking guide to making AI an empowering tool rather than an intimidating obstacle.

Key Discussion Points:
- Christian’s Origin Story: From cold calls to classrooms—how a venture into public service and systems thinking led to founding Edapt.
- AI as an Assistant, Not a Replacement: Framing AI as a support system that offloads mundane tasks so educators can focus on what matters most.
- Time Dollars: A powerful metaphor describing how time saved through AI can be reinvested in impactful educational work.
- Practical AI Use Cases:
1. Simplifying compliance reporting like LCAPs.
2. Streamlining curriculum audits and grant writing.
3. Providing differentiated instruction and student support.
- Thoughtful Implementation: Why leaders should focus on comfort, practicality, and a few core tools instead of the “shiny object syndrome.”
- Overcoming Fear and Building Buy-in: How to shift staff from skeptical to curious, then to empowered AI users.
- Vision for the Future:
1. Every educator ends their workday at 5 PM—with work done.
2. Every student has access to a one-on-one AI tutor.
3. Educators use regained time for creativity, collaboration, and personal wellbeing.
- Christian’s Sneak Peek for the ARSA Conference: Prepare to leave feeling like Harry Potter, wielding AI as your educational magic wand.

Closing Summary:
Christian Jackson brings clarity, empathy, and energy to a conversation that’s often clouded by hype or fear. His call to action? Start small, stay curious, and use AI to amplify your leadership—not replace it. Whether it’s saving hours on compliance or reimagining instructional equity, this episode lays the groundwork for how rural districts can turn AI into a strategic asset. With Christian’s keynote coming up at ARSA 2025, the timing couldn’t be better to explore the rural advantage with AI at your side.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary

In this episode of The Rural Scoop, Dr. Melissa Sadorf welcomes Eric Brooks, Director of Educator Recruitment and Retention at the Arizona Department of Education. With over 25 years of experience in education, Eric shares his unique journey from leading a school on a college campus to instructional coaching overseas, and now shaping statewide policy and practice in Arizona. The conversation explores the persistent challenges and innovative solutions in recruiting and retaining educators in rural communities—highlighting the power of community, the importance of support systems, and how rural schools can play to their strengths.

Key Discussion Points

• Eric’s Career Journey: From principal to state leader and his diverse experience, including overseas teaching.

• The Isolation of Educators: Why teaching and leadership can feel lonely, especially in rural settings, and the importance of supportive spaces.

• Creating Community and Belonging: How rural communities excel at helping teachers feel part of something larger than the school.

• Challenges in Recruitment: Housing shortages, limited social life for young teachers, and geographic isolation.

• Retention Strategies: The value of professional learning, collaboration across districts, and creating mentor networks.

• Community of Practice: How the Arizona Department of Education is facilitating statewide learning communities to improve recruitment and retention efforts.

• The Apprenticeship Program: A new ‘earn while you learn’ model designed to better prepare teachers before they enter the classroom as teacher of record.

• Modernizing Support Systems: Updates coming to the Teacher Input Application (TIA) to ease administrative burdens on rural leaders.

• The Rural Advantage: Why being part of a rural school community offers connection, belonging, and professional growth opportunities.

Closing SummaryEric Brooks offers a compelling look at the role rural schools play in shaping strong educator pipelines. His insights remind us that while rural schools face unique hurdles, they are also uniquely positioned to build deep relationships and foster lasting impact. Whether through mentorship, shared learning, or simply inviting new educators into the fabric of the community, rural leaders have powerful tools at their disposal. Don’t miss this episode if you're looking to reimagine what’s possible for educator recruitment and retention in your rural school.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary:
In this episode of The Rural Scoop, Dr. Melissa Sadorf is joined by experts Alyssa Ratledge, Nick Hillman, and Travis Smith to explore the intricate journey of rural students as they navigate college decision-making. The conversation unpacks the unique challenges and opportunities these students face, from limited access and deep community ties to the powerful role of educators and local support systems. Featuring insights from the National Rural Higher Education Research Center, the discussion emphasizes the importance of early exposure, equitable access, and recognizing the rural advantage in shaping successful postsecondary pathways.

Key Discussion Points:

• Introduction to the National Rural Higher Education Research Center
  Alyssa Ratledge introduces the Center’s mission and research focus on rural students' access, college choice, and completion.

• Why Rural Representation Matters
  A discussion on the underrepresentation of rural students in data, and how changing the narrative through research can guide better support.

• Understanding the Rural College-Going Experience
  Nick Hillman and Travis Smith dive into student perspectives, community expectations, and how personal circumstances like caregiving affect decisions.

• Exposure, Accessibility, and Options
  The group discusses the importance of starting college conversations early, building career awareness, and breaking misconceptions around college affordability and access.

• Community Ties and Decision Influences
  Exploration of how strong social networks in rural areas can both support and complicate college attendance decisions.

• Support Systems and Institutional Responsibility
  Strategies for how colleges and universities can better serve rural students, including pre-college outreach, rural-specific admissions support, and culturally competent recruitment.

• Practical Advice for Educators and Leaders
  Encouragement for community leaders to foster belief in student potential, support their aspirations, and advocate for equitable resources.

• The Rural Advantage
  Guests share personal reflections on the strengths rural students bring to higher education—resilience, responsibility, and community-driven values.
  

Closing Summary:
College access isn't just about admissions—it's about equipping rural students with the tools, encouragement, and opportunities to thrive. This episode highlights the vital role of educators, policymakers, and communities in reimagining what success looks like for students in rural America. As our guests remind us, when rural strengths are recognized and supported, possibilities open up far beyond the classroom.

Call to Action:
If this conversation resonated with you, subscribe and leave a review. Share this episode to amplify rural voices in higher education!

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary
In this inspiring episode of The Rural Scoop, we sit down with Rikkie Jensen, one of ARSA 2024 Rural Teachers of Distinction, who teaches in Chino Valley, Arizona. With over a decade of teaching experience in both urban and rural settings, Rikkie shares her deep passion for rural education, community connection, and the transformative power of teaching. From her childhood dream of becoming a teacher to the profound relationships she's built with students and families, Rikkie’s story is one of resilience, heart, and commitment to her craft. Whether you're a seasoned educator or just curious about life in rural schools, this episode is a heartfelt celebration of why rural matters.
Key Discussion Points
1. Path to Teaching: Rikkie shares her early passion for education and the moment she knew teaching was her calling—starting in first grade with stuffed animal students.
2. Urban vs. Rural: Drawing on her experience teaching in North Las Vegas and Chino Valley, she explains why rural settings offer unique opportunities for deeper community connection.
3. Building Relationships: As both a teacher and a parent in her community, Rikkie highlights the value of visibility, connection, and trust with students and families.
4. Wearing Many Hats: From coaching sports to supporting livestock projects, Rikkie exemplifies the multifaceted role of rural educators.
5. Challenges in Rural Education:
- Budget limitations and supply shortages.
- Teacher recruitment and retention struggles.
- Housing barriers—and the creative solution of teacher tiny homes in her district.
6. Creative Solutions: Rikkie shares how community partnerships, local support, and resourcefulness help her overcome obstacles.
7. The Power of CTE & STEAM: She celebrates the rise of career and technical education and student exposure to real-world career paths.
8. Professional Development in Rural Areas: Rikkie discusses attending workshops like those at Lowell Observatory and using state resources and online learning to stay current and connected.
9. Mentoring Future Teachers: She recounts the joy of mentoring a former student, emphasizing the importance of support and inspiration for the next generation of educators.
10. The Rural Advantage: Rikkie defines it as being “small and mighty”—a phrase that encapsulates the strength and tight-knit spirit of rural schools.
Closing Summary
Rikkie Jensen’s journey reminds us that rural education is filled with heart, innovation, and impact. Her story showcases how dedicated teachers can shape not just classrooms but entire communities. By fostering relationships, embracing creativity, and mentoring others, Rikkie represents the best of what rural education has to offer. Her message is clear: with purpose, passion, and perseverance, rural educators can—and do—make a world of difference.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary:
In this engaging episode of The Rural Scoop, we sit down with Arizona State Treasurer Kimberly Yee, the first Asian American elected to statewide office in Arizona. Treasurer Yee shares her journey from working in the California governor’s office to becoming a prominent figure in Arizona politics. From budgeting lessons at the dinner table to launching financial education programs statewide, this episode highlights her passion for public service, the importance of financial literacy, and the values that drive her leadership.
Key Discussion Points:
1. Family & Early Influences:
- Raised in a small business household; parents owned a grocery store for over 30 years.
- Learned practical financial lessons from a young age — including saving, budgeting, and tracking expenses manually.
2. Path into Politics:
- Inspired by a high school internship with then-Governor George Deukmejian of California.
- Early work in the Governor’s Office on education policy and budget issues set the stage for her future in public service.
3. Leadership & Legacy:
- Served in the Arizona State Legislature, becoming the first Asian American Senate Majority Leader.
- Focused on restoring financial education in Arizona schools after previous cuts to personal finance curriculum.
4. State Treasurer Work:
- Oversaw Arizona's investments and finances, ensuring transparency and efficiency.
- Created the Financial Literacy Task Force to promote money management skills across age groups.
5. Financial Education Initiatives:
- Led efforts to pass legislation requiring personal finance education in Arizona high schools.
- Partnered with public officials and nonprofits to expand access to financial resources statewide.
6. Advice to Aspiring Leaders:
- Stay rooted in your values and remember your “why.”
- Seek mentors and take initiative — whether through internships, volunteering, or speaking up in your community.
Closing Summary:
Treasurer Kimberly Yee's story is one of perseverance, vision, and unwavering commitment to empowering Arizonans through financial literacy. Her experiences underscore how personal history, mentorship, and values-based leadership can shape impactful public service. Whether you're an aspiring leader, educator, or civic-minded listener, her message is clear: know your worth, embrace your voice, and lead with purpose.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary:

In this episode of The Rural Scoop, host Melissa talks about an exciting new program that helps rural students go to college and succeed. She is joined by Dr. Mara Tieken, Alyssa Ratledge, and Dr. Sabrina Klein to discuss the IES Research and Development Center in Rural Higher Education. This research center, funded by the government, is the first to focus on helping students in small towns transition from high school to college, graduate, and find good jobs. The guests explain why this research matters, how it can help rural schools and students, and the ways they are collecting information to make sure it really works.

Key Discussion Points:

• Introducing the Guests & Their Work:
• Dr. Mara Tieken (Bates College) researches rural education, school closures, and rural access to higher education.
• Alyssa Ratledge (MDRC) focuses on post-secondary success for rural students and institutions.
• Dr. Sabrina Klein (MDRC) specializes in strengthening the K-12, higher education, and workforce pipeline in rural settings.
• The Significance of the IES Research & Development Center:
• First center focused on high school-to-college transition, college completion, and workforce development in rural areas.
• Emphasizes the unique challenges faced by rural students and institutions.
• Focuses on two specific regions: the Mountain West and the Deep South.
• Engaging Rural Communities in Research:
• The center includes two advisory committees: a research advisory group and a practitioner advisory group.
• Dissemination partners help ensure findings reach policymakers, educators, and rural institutions.
• Research findings will be accessible in practical formats to directly benefit rural educators and decision-makers.

• Mara & Sabrina’s Upcoming Study on Community-Based College Access Organizations:
• Investigating organizations in Oregon and Idaho that support rural students.
• Identifying effective practices that promote college success.
• Findings will highlight how these organizations serve as crucial "bridges" for students.

Closing Summary:

The conversation in this episode is just the beginning of an essential and ongoing discussion about rural higher education. The guests emphasize that research-driven, community-centered approaches are vital to ensuring rural students have the opportunities and support they need to succeed. They also encourage listeners to get involved by sharing their experiences, providing feedback, and staying engaged with the center's work.

How to Get Involved:

• Email [email protected] to share your thoughts, questions, or experiences.
• Follow upcoming findings from the IES Research and Development Center.
• Attend relevant conferences such as the Rural Summit in Alaska or the NREA Conference.
• Subscribe to The Rural Scoop podcast to stay informed on future discussions.

This episode highlights the importance of rethinking what success looks like for rural students and ensuring that higher education policies reflect the unique needs and aspirations of rural communities. Stay tuned for more insights in upcoming episodes of The Rural Scoop!

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

Episode Summary:

In this episode of The Rural Scoop, we dive into two groundbreaking educational tools designed to support Arizona educators—Passport and ADEL (Arizona Digital Educators Library). Special guest Eric Stuebner, Special Projects Manager in the Academic Services Division at the Arizona Department of Education, walks us through these innovative platforms and explains how they enhance access to standards-aligned resources for educators, especially in rural communities. From digitizing academic standards to providing free, high-quality lesson planning tools, these resources are set to transform teaching and learning experiences across the state.

Key Discussion Points:

1. Introduction to Passport & ADEL

• Passport: A digital framework that transforms Arizona’s academic standards into an accessible, interactive format.
• ADEL: A free online library providing lesson planning resources, standards-aligned content, and assessment tools for educators.

2. The Need for These Tools in Arizona Education

• Addressing resource scarcity in rural schools.
• Helping new educators and career-changers transition into the teaching profession.
• Reducing dependency on outdated PDFs for academic standards.

3. Features & Benefits of Passport

• Digitizes Arizona’s state standards for seamless integration with LMS systems like Canvas.
• Ensures educators always have access to up-to-date standards.
• Allows vendors and school systems to automatically sync with the latest updates.

4. Features & Benefits of ADEL

• Provides free access to lesson plans, instructional resources, and student assessments.
• Offers a teacher-friendly AI-powered lesson planning tool for quick and efficient curriculum design.
• Enables collaboration among teachers for resource sharing and refinement.
• Includes Sparkle, an AI-assisted assessment tool that generates student-friendly activities and helps with grading.

5. Personalization & Classroom Adaptation

• Customizable lesson plans and assessments for diverse student needs.
• Leveled reading materials and multilingual support for language learners.
• Allows teachers to store and modify their resources for future use.

6. Addressing Challenges in Rural Education

• Equitable access for rural educators through free, high-quality content.
• Upcoming ADEL Resource Summit to expand available resources.

7. Professional Development & Training

• Webinars, site visits, and training sessions available for educators.

8. The Future of Passport & ADEL

• Plans to integrate performance level descriptors for assessments.
• Introduction of an item bank with sample test questions.
• Continued enhancements based on educator feedback.

9. Final Thoughts on Rural Education & Innovation

• Eric shares his perspective on the “rural advantage”—highlighting the strength, resilience, and innovation of educators in rural communities.
• A call to action for educators to explore Passport and ADEL, integrate them into their schools, and reach out for support.

Closing Summary:

Passport and ADEL represent a transformative shift in how educators access, plan, and implement curriculum aligned with Arizona’s academic standards. Whether you're a seasoned educator or just starting your teaching career, these tools are designed to save time, improve lesson quality, and foster collaboration.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

In this special episode of The Rural Scoop, host Ty White interviews author, educator, and presenter Erick Francis during the ARSA Resilient Rural Conference. Erick discusses his passion for supporting rural education, emphasizing the importance of providing equitable access to professional development without requiring rural educators to travel long distances. He shares insights on creating powerful learning experiences for students and reflects on the community strength that defines rural schools. Erick also honors his father as a profound personal inspiration and highlights the value of service-driven professional development for educators.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081

In this special episode of The Rural Scoop, host Ty White interviews Robert Di Bacco, co-founder of Rivet Learning, at the ARSA Resilient Rural Conference. Robert shares how Rivet Learning is revolutionizing instructional coaching by providing educators with choice and agency in selecting their own coaches, fostering meaningful professional growth. Drawing from his experience as a rural educator and administrator, Robert highlights the unique sense of community and collaboration that defines rural schools. He reflects on the impactful teachers who shaped his perspective and encourages educators to attend ARSA to connect with others, share solutions, and recognize that rural education is part of a larger, supportive network.

𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 & 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞:

© 2026 Melissa Sadorf / The Rural Scoop. All rights reserved.

The content of The Rural Scoop, including podcast episodes, audio recordings, transcripts, show notes, graphics, and other original materials, is protected by copyright. No portion of this content may be reproduced, republished, distributed, modified, or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the copyright owner. Brief quotations or other uses may be permitted under applicable fair-use principles.

For permission requests, please contact:

Dr. Melissa Sadorf

Email: [email protected]

Phone: (520) 266-0081