These sources collectively examine the multifaceted aspects of respiration and its profound impact on health and well-being, from fundamental physiological processes to therapeutic applications. One article highlights how controlled breathing exercises, such as cyclic sighing, can effectively alleviate anxiety and improve mood, demonstrating greater efficacy than mindfulness meditation. Another source expands on this by presenting a systematic review of the Wim Hof Method, which combines breathing, cold exposure, and commitment, suggesting its potential in modulating inflammatory responses and influencing psychological states, though it notes limitations in research quality. Concurrently, a systematic review on respiratory patterns in neurological injury explores how conditions like traumatic brain injury, stroke, and tumors disrupt the brain's control over breathing, leading to varied patterns and necessitating specific ventilatory management. Finally, an audit of nursing textbooks critically assesses the importance and accuracy of respiratory rate measurement as a crucial vital sign, revealing inconsistencies in educational emphasis and common neglect in clinical practice, despite its role as a key indicator of illness severity.

Works Cited:

• Almahayni, Omar, and Lucy Hammond. "Does the Wim Hof Method have a beneficial impact on physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy and non-healthy participants? A systematic review." PLoS ONE, vol. 19, no. 3, 13 Mar. 2024, p. e0286933. National Library of Medicine (PMC), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286933.
• American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea." American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2008, aasmnet.org.
• Cell Press. "Invisible ID: How a single breath could reveal your health—and your identity." ScienceDaily, 13 June 2025, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/06/250613013910.htm.
• Cleveland Clinic. "Autonomic Nervous System: What It Is, Function & Disorders." Cleveland Clinic Health Library, 15 June 2022, clevelandclinic.org.
• Cleveland Clinic. "Hyperventilation Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment." Cleveland Clinic Health Library, 29 Mar. 2023, clevelandclinic.org.
• Elliott, Malcolm, and Roz Williamson. "Is Respiratory Rate Measurement Important? An Audit of Fundamental Nursing Textbooks." Mediterranean Nursing and Midwifery, vol. 1, no. 3, 2022, pp. 120-30. doi:10.5152/MNM.2022.21019.
• Goldman, Matthew, et al. "Respiratory Patterns in Neurological Injury, Pathophysiology, Ventilation Management, and Future Innovations: A Systematic Review." Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine, vol. 8, no. 4, 28 Sep. 2022, pp. 338-49. doi:10.14218/ERHM.2022.00081.
• Leggett, Hadley. "'Cyclic sighing' can help breathe away anxiety." Stanford Medicine News Center, Stanford Medicine, 9 Feb. 2023, med.stanford.edu.
• Merschel, Michael. "It's not just inspiration – careful breathing can help your health." American Heart Association News, American Heart Association, 7 July 2023, heart.org.
• "Breathing patterns reveal clues about mental and physical well-being." News-Medical.Net, 13 June 2025, News-Medical.net.