We often think we know more than we really do—but what is knowledge, exactly? In this episode of The Thursday Thought Experiment, we explore the classical definition of knowledge as “justified true belief,” and why it isn’t enough. From lottery guesses to Gettier’s famous counterexamples, we’ll see how true, justified beliefs can still fail to count as knowledge. Along the way, we’ll look at reliabilism, safety theory, and the challenge of separating lucky guesses from genuine understanding.

Join us as we ask: what does it take to move from mere belief to real knowledge?

We drop a glass, it shatters. A ball hits a window, it breaks. Simple cause and effect—right? Well, not quite. In this episode, we dive into the philosophy of causation, exploring why our everyday intuitions about what “causes” what start to fall apart under closer scrutiny. From counterfactual “what if” scenarios to tricky cases like late pre-emption and even causation by absence, we’ll see why philosophers are still debating what it really means to call something a cause. Along the way, we’ll talk about broken windows, billiard balls, and even the failure to feed a pet. This is part of our series on big philosophical puzzles made accessible for everyday thinking—tune in for a thought experiment you won’t look at the same way again.