In this part of the lecture, we examine the state of pre-revolutionary France, particularly the role of the chartered professions. These professions played a significant role in society, as they held exclusive rights and privileges granted by the monarchy. The chartered professions encompassed a wide range of occupations, from lawyers and doctors to craftsmen and traders. These individuals were protected from competition by strict regulations and licensing requirements. However, the chartered professions also faced criticism for their exclusivity and barriers to entry, which limited social mobility and economic growth.

We delve into the reasons behind the establishment of chartered professions, highlighting the desire to maintain quality standards in various industries. The guilds, in particular, played a crucial role in training and regulating craftsmen, ensuring that they produced high-quality products. However, over time, the guilds became more focused on protecting their own interests rather than fostering innovation and competition. This led to a decline in productivity and hindered economic development.

The lecture then delves into the consequences of the chartered professions and their impact on French society. The exclusivity and privilege granted to these professions created a stark divide between the privileged few and the rest of society. This contributed to growing resentment and dissatisfaction among the lower classes, who felt oppressed and excluded from opportunities for advancement.

Furthermore, the monopolistic nature of the chartered professions stifled innovation and hindered economic growth. The strict regulations and barriers to entry prevented new ideas and entrepreneurs from entering the market, limiting competition and stifling creativity.

The lecture ends by exploring the role of the chartered professions in the lead-up to the French Revolution. The discontent among the lower classes, combined with their exclusion from lucrative professions, fueled revolutionary sentiments and a desire for social and economic equality.

Overall, this part of the lecture examines the chartered professions in pre-revolutionary France, analyzing their impact on society, innovation, and the grievances that ultimately led to the French Revolution.

In this lecture, I present a radical thesis that challenges the conventional view of history. I argue that the grand movements, ideas, and politics are not the cause of historical events. Instead, I propose that the sway between violence and reason in human conflicts is determined by our predisposition to listen to the language we already speak, shaped by our childhood experiences. I explore the tragic consequences of individuals who escape from chaos but fail to help others, leaving them to suffer.

To understand the French Revolution, we must consider childhood experiences and objective ethics. I delve into the difference between the French Revolution and the American Revolution, uncovering the dark underbelly of the French Revolution characterized by child abuse and neglect. The middle class, who could have been beacons of hope, turned a blind eye or contributed to the chaos. I discuss the influential thinkers of the time, such as Voltaire and Diderot, and their criticisms of religion and power structures.

I then focus on the contrasting perspectives of Rousseau and Locke on childhood and their impact on society. Rousseau believed that the state should have complete control over education, while Locke emphasized the importance of individual agency. I discuss their ideas on the tension between reason and emotion and the role of childhood in shaping society's acceptance of various ideas.

Moving on, I explore the mistreatment of children in 18th century France and its contribution to the French Revolution. I highlight the neglect and abuse that children endured, as well as the beliefs in original sin and sexual guilt that perpetuated mistreatment. I emphasize the importance of addressing the mistreatment of children in understanding the historical and societal context.

In conclusion, this lecture offers a provocative and thought-provoking perspective on history, showcasing the significance of childhood experiences and the mistreatment of children in shaping societies and historical events.