Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we’re going to discuss an event that sent shockwaves through the global financial system and marked a pivotal moment in the 2008 financial crisis: the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. on September 15, 2008. This was the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, a collapse that highlighted the fragility of global finance and became a symbol of the Great Recession. Let’s dive into the events leading up to this moment, the impact of the bankruptcy, and its far-reaching consequences.

Lehman Brothers was founded in 1850, and by the 21st century, it had grown into the fourth-largest investment bank in the United States. With its roots in commodities trading, the firm evolved over the decades into a global powerhouse involved in investment banking, equity trading, and fixed income. However, by the mid-2000s, Lehman became heavily exposed to the U.S. real estate market—specifically, the subprime mortgage sector.

The early 2000s saw a massive boom in housing markets, fueled by an expansion of credit and loose lending standards. Lehman Brothers, like many other financial institutions, bet big on the housing market. The firm packaged subprime mortgages into complex financial products known as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). While profitable during the boom, these financial instruments became toxic once the housing bubble began to burst.

By 2007, signs of trouble were emerging. Home prices began to decline, and homeowners started defaulting on their loans. The value of mortgage-backed securities plummeted, eroding the balance sheets of banks that had invested heavily in them. Lehman Brothers, more than most, was exposed to this downturn. It held vast amounts of mortgage-related assets, and as these assets lost value, so did the firm’s stability.

Throughout 2008, Lehman’s troubles deepened. In March of that year, Bear Stearns, another major investment bank, was rescued by JPMorgan Chase with assistance from the Federal Reserve. That event signaled how fragile the banking system had become. Lehman, facing massive losses, scrambled to find a solution. The firm attempted to raise capital, sell assets, and even sought buyers. There were talks with potential buyers, including Bank of America and Barclays, but no deal could be finalized.

As Lehman’s stock price collapsed, its credit rating was downgraded, and counterparties began to pull away from doing business with the firm. By September 2008, Lehman was on the brink of collapse, with billions in losses and no lifeline in sight. On September 13, in a last-ditch effort, government officials, including then-Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, convened a meeting with the heads of major Wall Street firms to discuss a rescue plan for Lehman. Unlike the Bear Stearns bailout earlier that year, the government refused to step in to save Lehman Brothers.

Unable to find a buyer or secure additional capital, Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on September 15, 2008. With over $600 billion in assets and liabilities, it was—and remains—the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history. The immediate fallout was catastrophic. The global stock markets plummeted, credit markets froze, and panic set in as investors and institutions grappled with the implications of such a massive failure.

The collapse of Lehman Brothers is widely considered the tipping point of the 2008 financial crisis. In the weeks and months that followed, the U.S. government took unprecedented steps to stabilize the financial system. The Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department intervened to rescue other major institutions, including AIG, and Congress passed the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to provide emergency funds to stabilize the banking sector. Despite these efforts, the economy plunged into the Great Recession, a global downturn that led to millions of job losses, foreclosures, and a significant contraction in economic activity worldwide.

The Lehman bankruptcy revealed systemic issues within the global financial system, including excessive risk-taking, inadequate regulation, and a lack of transparency in financial markets. It sparked intense debates about the role of government in regulating financial institutions, and in the aftermath of the crisis, significant reforms were enacted. In 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law, aimed at preventing future crises by increasing oversight of the financial industry, improving transparency, and reducing the likelihood that any single institution could become "too big to fail."

While Lehman Brothers no longer exists, the lessons of its collapse continue to influence financial policy and regulation. The crisis it precipitated has had a lasting impact on how we understand and manage systemic risk in the global economy. To this day, the downfall of Lehman Brothers serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of unchecked financial speculation and the interconnected nature of modern economies.

Thank you for joining us on today’s episode of "This Day in American History." I’m your host, Chuck Tanraty, and I hope you’ll tune in next time as we explore another moment that shaped the history of the United States. Stay curious, and see you soon.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Today, we explore the powerful story behind the creation of a song that would one day become the national anthem of the United States—The Star-Spangled Banner. On September 14, 1814, during a critical moment in the War of 1812, lawyer and poet Francis Scott Key witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, a pivotal event that inspired the words to the anthem that Americans hold dear today.

Let’s go back to the early morning of September 13, 1814. The United States was locked in a fierce war with Great Britain. The British, having recently burned Washington, D.C., turned their attention to Baltimore, a major American port city. Their strategy was simple: capture Fort McHenry, which guarded the entrance to Baltimore’s harbor, and strike a decisive blow against the United States.

At the same time, Francis Scott Key found himself aboard a British ship, not as a prisoner, but as part of a diplomatic mission. Key had secured permission to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, a friend who had been captured by the British. Key and his fellow negotiator, Colonel John Skinner, successfully argued for Beanes' release. However, they were held aboard the British ship overnight as the British prepared to launch their attack on Fort McHenry.

Key, Skinner, and Beanes were essentially stuck in the middle of a major battle. From their vantage point on a ship in the Chesapeake Bay, they witnessed the intense bombardment of Fort McHenry, a barrage that lasted 25 grueling hours. The British fired bombs, rockets, and mortar shells at the fort, hoping to destroy its defenses and force the American surrender.

Throughout the night, the only sign of hope for Key was the fort's storm flag— a smaller American flag that continued to fly amidst the attack. The "rockets' red glare" and "bombs bursting in air" illuminated the night sky, and Key watched anxiously, uncertain whether the fort would hold. As dawn broke on September 14, Key saw a sight that moved him deeply: the larger American garrison flag, known as the Star-Spangled Banner, flying proudly over the fort, signaling that the Americans had withstood the British assault.

Overwhelmed with emotion and patriotism, Key began composing a poem on the back of a letter he had in his pocket. The verses reflected the awe he felt seeing the flag still waving after such a fierce battle. He wrote: "O say can you see, by the dawn's early light, what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?" Key’s words captured the perseverance and resilience of the American spirit, symbolized by the flag that survived the bombardment.

The poem, originally titled "Defence of Fort M'Henry," was soon set to the tune of a popular British song, To Anacreon in Heaven, composed by John Stafford Smith. This pairing of Key’s patriotic lyrics with a well-known melody quickly gained popularity. Although the song had a range of 19 semitones and was notoriously difficult to sing, it became a beloved patriotic anthem for generations.

But it wasn't until March 3, 1931, that The Star-Spangled Banner was officially designated as the national anthem of the United States, nearly 117 years after Key penned the poem. President Herbert Hoover signed the bill into law after a lengthy campaign by veterans' groups and other advocates who sought to formalize the song's place in American culture.

While The Star-Spangled Banner is most often remembered for its first stanza, which is performed at public events across the country, the song has four verses in total. Each stanza builds on the theme of triumph and resilience, reflecting the deep pride that Key felt as he watched the American flag withstand the British attack.

Today, The Star-Spangled Banner is more than just a song—it’s a symbol of the American journey. The anthem speaks to the struggles and triumphs the nation has endured, from its founding through the trials of war, and it continues to inspire both patriotism and reflection in the hearts of Americans.

As we commemorate this day in 1814, we remember how the resilience of a small fort in Baltimore and the vision of Francis Scott Key helped create a national symbol that endures to this day.

Thank you for joining us on "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, and I'll see you next time with another fascinating episode. Stay curious, stay informed, and stay inspired!

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to This Day in American History. I’m your host, Chuck Tanraty, and today we remember a pivotal moment in pop culture history—September 13, 1996, when the world lost one of its most influential voices in music, Tupac Amaru Shakur. Today, we dive into the life and legacy of Tupac, whose untimely death in a Las Vegas hospital left a gaping hole not only in the world of hip-hop but in the broader cultural landscape.

Tupac Shakur, born Lesane Parish Crooks on June 16, 1971, in East Harlem, New York, was more than just a rapper. He was an activist, a poet, and a revolutionary voice for Black America. Raised by his mother, Afeni Shakur, a former Black Panther, Tupac’s life was rooted in political activism and a deep awareness of social justice. This would come to define his music and his message, making him a voice for the disenfranchised and marginalized in America.

Tupac's early life was shaped by struggle, but also by a deep exposure to the arts. After moving to Baltimore in 1984, he attended the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he studied theater, ballet, and poetry. This formal training, combined with his raw experiences growing up in impoverished urban environments, gave Tupac a unique perspective—one that was equal parts artist and street philosopher.

His music career began in earnest in 1991 with the release of 2Pacalypse Now, an album that introduced the world to a young rapper unafraid to tackle the harsh realities of life for African Americans. Songs like "Brenda's Got a Baby" and "Trapped" addressed systemic racism, poverty, and police brutality. It wasn’t long before Tupac became a controversial figure, with his unapologetically political lyrics drawing criticism from conservatives, most notably Vice President Dan Quayle, who condemned his music as having "no place in our society."

Tupac's next albums, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... and Me Against the World, further cemented his status as a critical voice in hip-hop. The latter was released while Tupac was serving a prison sentence, yet it became his most introspective work, with songs like "Dear Mama" and "So Many Tears" blending themes of love, loss, and societal struggle. Me Against the World debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard charts, marking a major milestone in his career.

Despite his success, Tupac's life was marred by violence and controversy. In 1994, he was shot multiple times in a New York recording studio, an attack that he believed was orchestrated by rivals in the East Coast–West Coast hip-hop feud. This rivalry would intensify after Tupac signed with Death Row Records in 1995, where he became entangled in the label's violent undercurrents, alongside figures like Suge Knight. His 1996 double album All Eyez on Me epitomized this new phase of his career—brash, unyielding, and filled with tracks that showcased the volatility of his life at the time.

On September 7, 1996, following a Mike Tyson boxing match in Las Vegas, Tupac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting while riding in a car with Suge Knight. He succumbed to his injuries six days later on September 13, 1996. He was only 25 years old.

Tupac’s murder shocked the world, and it remains unsolved to this day, though new developments continue to surface, most recently in 2023 with the arrest of a suspect tied to his death. In the aftermath of his murder, Tupac’s influence has only grown. His posthumous albums, including The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, released under his alter ego Makaveli, continued his legacy of social commentary mixed with the raw energy of gangsta rap. He has been hailed as one of the greatest rappers of all time, with over 75 million records sold worldwide.

Tupac’s legacy is complex. He was a poet who penned verses about injustice and survival, but he also embodied the contradictions of a young man caught between a life of fame and violence. His influence extended beyond music, as his activism and commitment to addressing societal issues have inspired countless artists and movements. In 2017, Tupac was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, a testament to his lasting impact.

On this day, we remember Tupac Shakur not just for his musical genius but for the way he challenged us to look at the world around us. He may be gone, but his voice echoes on, continuing to influence new generations of artists and activists.

Thank you for joining us on This Day in American History. I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to This Day in American History. I’m your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we're taking a trip back to September 12, 1959, when one of the most iconic TV shows in American history premiered on NBC—Bonanza. This long-running Western series captivated audiences for 14 seasons, spanning 431 episodes, making it NBC’s longest-running Western and the second-longest-running Western on U.S. network television, only behind Gunsmoke.

Set against the backdrop of the Nevada Territory in the 1860s, Bonanza followed the Cartwright family as they navigated the challenges of frontier life, all while managing their sprawling Ponderosa Ranch near Virginia City, Nevada, along the scenic Lake Tahoe. The family was led by the patriarch Ben Cartwright, played by Lorne Greene, a thrice-widowed man with three sons from different mothers—each with their unique personalities and struggles.

The show wasn’t your typical Western filled with just gunfights and cattle drives. It focused on the family’s moral dilemmas and their love for one another. The eldest son, Adam, portrayed by Pernell Roberts, was an educated architect and a voice of reason. Hoss, played by Dan Blocker, was the large, gentle-hearted middle son, while Michael Landon’s Little Joe was known for his impulsive and hotheaded nature. The show’s unique family dynamic gave it emotional depth that audiences didn’t often find in other Westerns of that era.

Unlike many Westerns of its time, Bonanza often addressed pressing social issues such as racism, substance abuse, domestic violence, and even environmentalism. One particularly memorable episode, "Enter Thomas Bowers," featured an African-American opera singer arrested as a fugitive slave. It wasn’t just a story of frontier justice—it was a critique of racism at a time when such topics were rarely addressed on American television. The show also stood out for its compassionate portrayals of minority characters, from Native Americans to Chinese immigrants, characters who were often one-dimensional in other Westerns.

What truly set Bonanza apart was its ability to combine its adventurous Western spirit with modern themes and family-centered storytelling. It was a weekly meditation on family bonds, fairness, and justice—concepts that resonated with audiences across the country.

The show’s title, Bonanza, referred to the Comstock Lode, a massive silver discovery in 1859 near Virginia City, symbolizing wealth and fortune—a fitting metaphor for the Cartwright family's sprawling 1,000-square-mile Ponderosa Ranch. The name also linked the show to a rich era in American history when the West was expanding, and fortunes were being made in mining towns like Virginia City.

Over time, Bonanza became famous not only for its engaging stories but also for its memorable theme song. Composed by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans, the Bonanza theme is one of the most recognizable in TV history. Although the theme song had lyrics, the producers chose to use only the instrumental version for the series. However, the theme went on to become a pop culture staple, even making its way onto music charts.

The show made instant stars of its cast, particularly Michael Landon, who would go on to become a household name with later projects like Little House on the Prairie and Highway to Heaven. Lorne Greene, with his commanding presence, became the beloved father figure of TV's first family Western, and Dan Blocker’s portrayal of Hoss Cartwright remains iconic for its mix of humor and heart.

In 2002, Bonanza was ranked No. 43 on TV Guide’s “50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,” a testament to its lasting legacy. Even decades after its final episode aired in 1973, the show continues to air in syndication, keeping the spirit of the Ponderosa Ranch alive for new generations of viewers.

The cultural impact of Bonanza can’t be overstated. It wasn’t just a hit show; it was a pioneer of color TV. NBC, which was owned by RCA, used Bonanza as a key promotional tool to sell color television sets. The show’s sweeping shots of the Sierra Nevada, Lake Tahoe, and the vast Ponderosa Ranch were tailor-made for the vibrant possibilities of color broadcasting, helping to push TV technology forward.

As the show progressed, it saw cast changes and faced challenges. The death of Dan Blocker in 1972 was a significant blow to the cast and audience alike, and Bonanza was ultimately canceled the following year. But even after its cancellation, the legacy of the Cartwright family lived on through reruns, books, and a series of made-for-TV movies.

So, as we reflect on September 12, 1959, the day Bonanza debuted, we remember it as a show that was more than just a Western. It was a family saga, a moral compass, and a groundbreaking piece of television history.

Thanks for joining me on this journey through history. I’m Chuck Tanraty, and I’ll see you next time on This Day in American History.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we revisit a monumental moment in baseball history that occurred on September 11, 1985, when Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds made his 4,192nd hit, surpassing Ty Cobb's long-standing record for the most hits in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. This achievement not only solidified Rose's place in baseball lore but also marked a defining moment in his career, which was as controversial as it was illustrious.

Pete Rose, often referred to by his nickname "Charlie Hustle," was born Peter Edward Rose Sr. on April 14, 1941, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Encouraged by his parents to pursue sports, Rose excelled in baseball and football at Western Hills High School. After a standout performance in a local amateur league, Rose caught the attention of the Cincinnati Reds, who signed him to a professional contract shortly after his high school graduation. Rose made his major league debut on April 8, 1963, and quickly became known for his aggressive playing style, earning him the nickname "Charlie Hustle."

Rose's career spanned 24 years from 1963 to 1986, during which he became known as one of the most versatile and durable players in MLB history. As a switch hitter, Rose holds the record for the most hits (4,256), games played (3,562), at-bats (14,053), singles (3,215), and outs (10,328) in Major League Baseball history. He played for several teams, most notably the Cincinnati Reds, where he was a key figure in the team's lineup, famously known as the "Big Red Machine" for their dominance of the National League in the 1970s. Rose also played for the Philadelphia Phillies, with whom he won a World Series in 1980, and had a brief stint with the Montreal Expos before returning to the Reds as a player-manager in 1984.

On September 11, 1985, Rose's pursuit of Ty Cobb's record reached its climax. Playing against the San Diego Padres, Rose stepped up to the plate at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati and hit a single to left-center field off pitcher Eric Show, marking his 4,192nd career hit and surpassing Cobb's record. The stadium erupted in celebration, recognizing the significance of the achievement. Rose's record-breaking hit was more than just a personal milestone; it was a moment that captured the spirit of perseverance and dedication, qualities that defined his playing career.

However, Rose's legacy is also marred by controversy. In August 1989, just three years after retiring as a player and still serving as the Reds' manager, Rose was banned from baseball for life due to allegations that he had gambled on baseball games, including bets placed on his own team. Despite years of denial, Rose admitted in 2004 that he did bet on baseball, although he maintained he never bet against the Reds. The ban has since kept him out of the Baseball Hall of Fame, and debates over his reinstatement continue to divide baseball fans and experts.

Rose's career is a complex narrative of triumph and scandal. His competitive spirit and relentless drive on the field earned him accolades, including three World Series titles, three batting titles, an MVP award, two Gold Gloves, and 17 All-Star appearances across five different positions—a testament to his versatility and skill. But his off-field actions cast a long shadow, raising questions about ethics, integrity, and the price of ambition.

Even today, Pete Rose remains a polarizing figure in the world of baseball. Some view him as a tragic hero who fell from grace due to his own actions, while others see him as a misunderstood legend whose contributions to the game have been unfairly overshadowed by his mistakes. Regardless of where one stands, Rose's impact on baseball is undeniable. His relentless pursuit of excellence, his hustle, and his record-breaking career have left an indelible mark on the sport.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through history. Tune in tomorrow for another enlightening episode of "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we're diving deep into a pivotal moment in the early history of what would become the United States. On September 10, 1608, John Smith was elected president of the Jamestown colony council in Virginia. This event marked a turning point for the fledgling English settlement, which faced many challenges in its early years. Let's explore the significance of John Smith's leadership and the impact it had on the survival of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America.

To understand the importance of John Smith's presidency, we need to go back to the founding of Jamestown. Established on May 14, 1607, by the Virginia Company of London, Jamestown was intended to be a profitable venture that would expand England's influence and bring wealth from the New World. However, the colonists quickly encountered severe hardships. They faced harsh weather, disease, and frequent conflicts with the Native American tribes in the area, particularly the Powhatan Confederacy. The swampy environment of their settlement also led to a lack of clean water and outbreaks of disease, which further decimated their numbers.

By the summer of 1608, the situation at Jamestown was dire. More than half of the original 104 settlers had died, and the colony was on the brink of collapse. Food supplies were running low, and the remaining settlers were demoralized and disorganized. It was in this context that John Smith, a soldier, explorer, and experienced leader, was elected president of the colony's council. His election marked a significant shift in leadership and strategy for the colony.

John Smith was a man of action, known for his tough and pragmatic leadership style. He famously declared, "He that will not work, shall not eat," a policy that forced the settlers to work for their survival. Smith's approach was both practical and necessary; it instilled a sense of discipline and purpose among the colonists, who had previously been unaccustomed to the hard labor required to sustain their community.

Smith also recognized the importance of building relationships with the Native Americans. He established trade networks with local tribes, exchanging goods for much-needed food supplies. His interactions with the Powhatan Confederacy, including the famous encounter with Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powhatan, were critical to the colony's early survival. While there is debate among historians about the accuracy of Smith's accounts, particularly regarding Pocahontas saving his life, there is no doubt that his efforts to engage with the Native Americans were a key factor in the colony's endurance.

Smith's leadership extended beyond just maintaining order and securing resources. In the summer of 1608, he led an extensive exploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, mapping the region in detail. These maps were invaluable for future settlers and explorers, providing a clearer understanding of the geography and the resources available in the area. His explorations also helped to identify potential sites for future settlements, laying the groundwork for the expansion of English colonization in North America.

Despite his successes, Smith's time as leader of Jamestown was not without controversy. His strict management style and insistence on discipline often put him at odds with other members of the colony, as well as the Virginia Company officials back in England. Additionally, his relationship with the Native Americans, while initially beneficial, began to deteriorate as tensions over resources and land intensified. Smith's leadership ended abruptly in September 1609 when he was injured in a gunpowder accident and had to return to England for treatment. He would never return to Jamestown.

Nevertheless, Smith's brief presidency had a lasting impact on the colony. Under his leadership, Jamestown weathered its most critical early years, transitioning from a struggling outpost to a more stable settlement. His policies and actions helped establish a foundation that allowed Jamestown to survive, eventually leading to the successful establishment of the Virginia Colony. Without his leadership during those formative years, it is possible that Jamestown might have met the same fate as earlier failed attempts at colonization, such as the Roanoke Colony.

In conclusion, John Smith's election as president of the Jamestown council on September 10, 1608, was a turning point in the history of the colony and, by extension, the future United States. His leadership, characterized by pragmatism, discipline, and a willingness to engage with the Native Americans, was crucial to the survival of the settlement. As we reflect on this day, we are reminded of the challenges faced by the early colonists and the determined individuals who played a role in shaping the early course of American history.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through history. Tune in tomorrow for another enlightening episode of "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we recount a pivotal and harrowing event that began on September 9, 1971, at the Attica Correctional Facility in New York. This event, known as the Attica Prison Riot or the Attica Uprising, was one of the most significant and deadly prison rebellions in American history. Over four days, a maximum-security prison became the epicenter of a violent clash that would result in 43 deaths and highlight critical issues in the U.S. penal system.

The Attica uprising started when approximately 1,281 of the 2,200 inmates at the facility revolted, seizing control of parts of the prison and taking 42 staff members hostage. The prisoners were motivated by a deep-seated frustration with the appalling living conditions and systemic abuses they faced daily. Conditions at Attica were grim: inmates spent 14 to 16 hours a day in their cells, their mail was censored, and they suffered from poor medical care and inadequate food. Overcrowding added to the tensions, with the prison holding nearly double its designed capacity. Racial disparities further inflamed the situation, with a predominantly African American and Puerto Rican inmate population overseen almost entirely by white guards.

The rebellion did not occur in isolation. It was part of a broader context of social unrest and activism in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power Movement, and growing resistance to state repression, especially among marginalized communities, provided a backdrop to the prisoners' demands for better treatment and political rights. Many of the prisoners viewed the uprising not just as a revolt against poor conditions but as part of a larger struggle for justice and equality.

Once the inmates took control, they quickly organized themselves. They elected leaders to negotiate on their behalf, appointed others to roles such as medics and security, and began drafting a list of demands. These demands included improvements in living conditions, more religious and political freedoms, better educational opportunities, fair visitation rights, and the removal of the prison superintendent. The inmates also demanded complete amnesty from prosecution for the rebellion. Negotiations between the prisoners and officials, facilitated by a team of outside observers, appeared initially hopeful. However, despite agreeing to 28 of the prisoners' demands, authorities refused to grant amnesty or remove the superintendent. The impasse created a tense and volatile situation.

The standoff ended tragically on September 13, 1971, when Governor Nelson Rockefeller, after consulting with President Richard Nixon, ordered a military-style assault to retake the prison. Armed law enforcement officers, including state troopers, correctional officers, and local police, launched a brutal assault on the facility. As tear gas filled the air, officers fired indiscriminately into the smoke-filled prison yard with shotguns and rifles, killing 39 people—29 inmates and 10 hostages—all but one of whom were killed by law enforcement gunfire. The massacre was one of the deadliest uses of force by U.S. law enforcement in the 20th century.

The aftermath of the assault was equally horrific. Surviving inmates were subjected to severe reprisals, including beatings, sexual violence, and humiliating treatment. State officials initially claimed that hostages had their throats slit by inmates, a narrative that was widely reported by the media. However, it was later revealed that nearly all deaths resulted from law enforcement gunfire, a fact confirmed by medical examiners. This revelation sparked outrage and led to widespread condemnation of the state’s handling of the crisis.

In the wake of the uprising, the New York Corrections Department made some changes to address the prisoners' grievances and prevent future incidents. These reforms included better living conditions, more access to education, and the establishment of grievance procedures. However, many of these improvements were rolled back in the following decades as part of a broader shift toward more punitive policies in the U.S. penal system.

The Attica Prison Riot remains a powerful symbol of the struggles for prisoners' rights and the broader fight against systemic racism and injustice in America. It serves as a stark reminder of the dire consequences that can arise from neglecting the humanity of incarcerated individuals. The event continues to resonate in discussions about criminal justice reform, human rights, and the role of law enforcement in maintaining order versus justice.

As we reflect on the Attica uprising, we are reminded of the complex dynamics of power, control, and resistance that characterize the American penal system. The lessons of Attica still echo today as we grapple with the legacy of mass incarceration and the continuing quest for justice and human dignity.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through history. Tune in tomorrow for another enlightening episode of "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we turn our attention to a dramatic and controversial figure in American politics whose life was cut short on September 8, 1935. I'm talking about Huey P. Long, the "Kingfish" of Louisiana politics, who was shot at the state Capitol building in Baton Rouge and died two days later. Huey Pierce Long Jr. was a man of grand ambitions and even grander controversies, whose life and death left an indelible mark on American history. Let's explore his rise to power, his political vision, and the events that led to his assassination.

Huey Long was born on August 30, 1893, in Winnfield, Louisiana, an area marked by poverty and political radicalism. Despite claiming humble beginnings, Long's family was relatively well-off compared to their neighbors. This backdrop of economic hardship and populist sentiment shaped Long's political philosophy. After a brief stint in several colleges and a career as a traveling salesman, Long turned to law and quickly made a name for himself as a champion of the common man. His relentless pursuit of justice against large corporations, like Standard Oil, garnered him significant attention and set the stage for his entry into politics.

Long's political career took off when he was elected to the Louisiana Public Service Commission, where he took on powerful corporate interests. His fiery rhetoric and populist appeal helped him win the governorship of Louisiana in 1928. As governor, Long was a transformative yet divisive figure. He implemented sweeping reforms that included free textbooks for schoolchildren, road and bridge construction, and the expansion of public healthcare and education. These initiatives endeared him to Louisiana's poor and working-class citizens, who saw him as a Robin Hood figure fighting against the elite. However, his methods were often criticized as authoritarian. He wielded power with an iron fist, using patronage and intimidation to maintain control over the state’s political machinery.

Long's influence extended beyond Louisiana. In 1930, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he became a vocal critic of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal policies, which Long viewed as too moderate. Instead, Long proposed his own "Share Our Wealth" program, which aimed to cap personal fortunes, provide a guaranteed income for every American family, and fund public works. His proposals resonated with millions of Americans during the Great Depression, leading to the formation of thousands of "Share Our Wealth" clubs across the country. Many believed Long was positioning himself for a presidential run in 1936, which could have significantly altered the course of American politics.

However, Long’s rising power and radical policies earned him many enemies. His aggressive tactics and centralization of power in Louisiana led to increasing resistance, culminating in a near-insurrection in 1935. Political tensions ran high as Long continued to pass laws that consolidated his control, prompting opposition from various quarters, including within his own Democratic Party. On the night of September 8, 1935, Long was at the state Capitol to push through a redistricting bill aimed at an opponent when he was shot by Carl Weiss, the son-in-law of one of his political adversaries. Long’s bodyguards immediately returned fire, killing Weiss on the spot. Long was rushed to a hospital but succumbed to his injuries two days later.

Long’s death marked the end of one of the most controversial careers in American political history. To some, he was a champion of the downtrodden, a populist hero who dared to challenge the status quo. To others, he was a dangerous demagogue, whose consolidation of power bordered on dictatorship. His assassination left a political vacuum in Louisiana and curtailed what many feared could have been a bid for national power.

In the years following his death, Long's legacy remained contentious. His family continued to play a significant role in Louisiana politics, and the state was divided into pro- and anti-Long factions for decades. Meanwhile, some of Long’s proposed policies found their way into Roosevelt’s Second New Deal, highlighting the lasting impact of his political ideas.

Huey P. Long's life is a study in contrasts—a man who fought for the poor yet amassed immense personal power, who challenged corporate monopolies while using questionable methods to achieve his ends. His assassination was a dramatic end to a life that could have significantly altered American political history had he lived longer.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through history. Tune in tomorrow for another enlightening episode of "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we're rewinding the clock to September 7, 1979, a day that marked a transformative moment in the world of sports broadcasting. On this day, ESPN, the Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, made its debut on cable television. It would go on to revolutionize not just sports coverage, but how millions of people around the world consume sports. Let's dive into the origins, growth, and impact of this pioneering network.

The story of ESPN began with a simple yet groundbreaking idea: a dedicated 24-hour sports network. It all started in May 1978 when Bill Rasmussen, a former World Hockey Association executive, was fired from his job with the New England Whalers. Rasmussen, along with his son Scott and friend Ed Eagan, envisioned a network that could deliver sports content around the clock, a radical concept at a time when sports coverage was limited to a few hours on weekends or sporadic broadcasts on major networks.

Initially, the team faced significant challenges. Their first office space in Plainville, Connecticut, was unsuitable due to a local ordinance that prohibited the installation of satellite dishes on rooftops. Undeterred, they found a new location in Bristol, Connecticut, where they could install the necessary equipment. Funding was another hurdle. The turning point came when Getty Oil agreed to purchase an 85% stake in the fledgling company in February 1979, providing the necessary financial backing and credibility to launch the network.

ESPN officially hit the airwaves on September 7, 1979, with the premiere of "SportsCenter," a sports news program that would become the network's flagship show. This was a bold move for a channel starting from scratch, but the unique 24-hour format quickly caught on with sports fans who were eager for more consistent and in-depth coverage.

The network's early days were marked by several strategic moves that helped build its credibility and expand its audience. In 1980, ESPN secured the rights to broadcast the early rounds of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, a move that played a crucial role in transforming "March Madness" into a national phenomenon. That same year, ESPN began broadcasting the NFL Draft and Top Rank Boxing, bringing these events to a wider audience and laying the groundwork for its eventual dominance in sports broadcasting.

ESPN's fortunes took a significant turn in 1984 when the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) acquired the network. This acquisition provided ESPN with the financial muscle and industry clout to compete for major sports broadcasting rights. A landmark moment came in 1987 when ESPN secured a contract to broadcast NFL games on Sunday nights, introducing "Sunday Night Football." This move marked the first time the network truly competed with the major broadcast networks like NBC and CBS, shifting the dynamics of sports television.

The 1990s were a period of rapid growth and innovation for ESPN. The network expanded its offerings with the launch of ESPN2 in 1993, targeting younger audiences with a mix of mainstream and extreme sports. The launch of ESPN Radio in 1992 and subsequent digital ventures further solidified the network's position as a leader in sports media. ESPN became a one-stop destination for sports fans, covering a wide array of sports with live broadcasts, talk shows, documentaries, and more.

However, the 21st century has not been without challenges. The network has faced criticism for its perceived biases in coverage, conflicts of interest, and the impact of cord-cutting trends as viewers migrate to digital and streaming platforms. Despite these hurdles, ESPN has adapted by launching ESPN+, a streaming service, and forming partnerships to integrate sports betting content, maintaining its relevance in an evolving media landscape.

Today, ESPN is a cornerstone of sports broadcasting, available in over 70 million households in the United States and operating regional channels worldwide. Its influence extends beyond traditional broadcasting, with significant investments in digital media, radio, and international markets. The network has not only changed how sports are broadcast but has also influenced the sports themselves, creating events and moments that have become integral parts of sports culture.

As we look back on the debut of ESPN in 1979, it’s clear that this was more than just the launch of a cable channel. It was the start of a new era in sports media, one that continues to shape how we experience and engage with sports today.

Thank you for joining us on "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, and I hope you'll tune in next time as we continue to explore the events that have shaped our nation's story.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com

Welcome back to "This Day in American History." I'm your host, Chuck Tanraty. Today, we're diving into a pivotal and tragic moment in American history that occurred on September 6, 1901—the day President William McKinley was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. This shocking event ultimately led to McKinley's death and had profound implications for the nation. Let's explore the background, the incident, and the aftermath of this assassination.

On September 6, 1901, President William McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, a world's fair celebrating the achievements of the Western Hemisphere. It was a moment meant to showcase progress and prosperity, but it quickly turned into a day of tragedy. As McKinley stood in a receiving line at the Temple of Music, greeting well-wishers, he extended his hand to a young man in line—Leon Czolgosz. Concealed within a handkerchief, Czolgosz had a .32-caliber revolver. As McKinley reached out to shake his hand, Czolgosz slapped it aside and fired two shots into the president's abdomen.

The first bullet deflected off a button on McKinley’s coat, but the second bullet struck his stomach, causing severe internal damage. Despite his critical condition, McKinley remained calm, urging the crowd not to harm his attacker: "Go easy on him, boys." The crowd, however, was enraged, and police struggled to protect Czolgosz from being lynched on the spot. He was quickly taken into custody, while McKinley was rushed to a hospital for emergency surgery.

Initially, McKinley seemed to be recovering, but his condition soon deteriorated due to gangrene that set in around the wound. On September 14, 1901, eight days after the shooting, President McKinley succumbed to his injuries, making him the third U.S. president to be assassinated. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, who was vacationing in the Adirondacks, hurried to Buffalo and was sworn in as the 26th President of the United States.

Who was Leon Czolgosz, and what motivated him to commit such a heinous act? Born in 1873 in Detroit, Michigan, Czolgosz was the son of Polish immigrants. His early life was marked by hardship and instability. After moving frequently and facing the death of his mother when he was just 10, Czolgosz's disillusionment with society grew. He worked various jobs, including at a steel mill, where he witnessed labor strikes and violent clashes between workers and management. This environment of economic disparity and social upheaval shaped his worldview.

By the late 1890s, Czolgosz had become an anarchist, believing that the existing government structure perpetuated inequality and injustice. He was inspired by other anarchist acts, such as the assassination of King Umberto I of Italy in 1900, and was further influenced by anarchist speakers like Emma Goldman, whom he sought out for guidance. Although many within the anarchist community found him suspicious and even warned of his behavior, Czolgosz persisted in his belief that drastic action was needed to shake the foundations of the government.

Following McKinley’s assassination, Czolgosz was swiftly put on trial. His case was prosecuted with remarkable speed, and despite being assigned a legal defense, Czolgosz remained uncooperative, refusing to speak to his attorneys or mount any kind of defense. After a trial that lasted only a few days, he was found guilty of first-degree murder. On October 29, 1901, just seven weeks after the assassination, Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair at Auburn Prison in New York. His last words reflected his radical beliefs: "I killed the President because he was the enemy of the good people—the good working people."

The assassination of President McKinley had significant repercussions for the United States. It marked a turning point in American politics, propelling Theodore Roosevelt, a young and vigorous reformer, into the presidency. Roosevelt's tenure would become known for progressive reforms, regulatory measures, and a more assertive foreign policy stance. The event also led to a crackdown on anarchist movements across the country, with the government becoming increasingly vigilant about perceived threats to national security.

This tragic episode also raises questions about political violence and the measures societies take to address radical ideologies. The swift execution of Czolgosz, the destruction of his body to prevent any form of martyrdom, and the backlash against anarchist sympathizers underscore the tensions between justice, security, and civil liberties.

As we reflect on the assassination of William McKinley, we are reminded of the fragile nature of leadership and the profound impact that one individual can have on the course of history. The event is a somber reminder of the challenges that democratic societies face in maintaining stability and protecting their leaders from violence.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through history. We hope you'll tune in tomorrow for another enlightening episode of "This Day in American History." I'm Chuck Tanraty, signing off.

This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit longlives.substack.com