Turning Tides: Piecing Together the Past will discuss the history of Puerto Rico, its native peoples, and the colonization of the island. The second episode, An Island Surrounded, will cover the period from 1571 to 1729, in which Puerto Rico struggles to maintain their way of life while dealing with foreign attacks, imperial neglect, and disease.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 2 Sources:

1. Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from Pre-Columbian Times to 1900, by Olga Jiménez de Wagenheim

2. History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People, by Fernando Picó

3. Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History, by Arturo Morales Carrión

4. Taíno Genealogy and Revitalization, by Richard Porrata, Ph.D.

5. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: Fourth Edition: From 3500 B.C. to the Present, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

6. Langdon-Davies, John (1963). Carlos; the King Who Would Not Die. Prentice Hall. ASIN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)) B0006AYR3A (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006AYR3A) .

7. Exquemelin, Alexander. The History of the Bucaniers of America, 1684.

8. Johnson, Charles (1724). A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates (1998 ed.). Conway Maritime Press. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-85177-732-5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-732-5) .

9. Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. pp-52, 201. 2006.

Etc...

Turning Tides: Piecing Together the Past will discuss the history of Puerto Rico, its native peoples, and the colonization of the island. The first episode, The Story of Borikén, will cover the period from 4000 B.C.E. to 1570 C.E., in which the original Indigenous peoples spread across the Caribbean before encountering European colonizers

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 1 Sources:

1. The Taínos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus, by Irving Rouse

2. Taínos and Caribs: The Aboriginal Cultures of the Antilles, by Sebastián Robiou Lamarche, Translated by, Grace M. Robiou Ramírez de Arellano

3. Taíno Genealogy and Revitalization, by Richard Porrata, Ph.D.

4. Conquistador Voices: Volume 1: Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as Recounted Largely by the Participants, by Kevin H. Siepel

5. Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from Pre-Columbian Times to 1900, by Olga Jiménez de Wagenheim

6. History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People, by Fernando Picó

7. Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History, by Arturo Morales Carrión

8. https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/spain-refuses-to-apologize-to-mexicos-indigenous-people-for-colonial-abuses/, March 26, 2019, by Steve Sweeney

9. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/31/european-colonization-of-americas-helped-cause-climate-change#:~:text=The%20UCL%20researchers%20found%20that,as%20warfare%20and%20societal%20collapse., January 31, 2019, by Oliver Milman

10. Wikipedia

Turning Tides: Italian Footsteps will detail the hundred years of political manipulation and war from 1796 to 1896 which led to the formation of Italy. The fifth and final episode, Tempered with Fire, will cover the corruption which caused Italy to fail to assert themselves on the world stage and the inept government’s effect on their people.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 5 Sources:

1. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, by Christopher Duggan

2. Modern Italy: A Political History, by Denis Mack Smith

3. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy: Second Edition, by Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini

4. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

5. A Concise History of Italy: Second Edition, by Christopher Duggan

6. Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70 (1): Piedmont and the Two Sicilies, by Gabriele Esposito

7. Marx Engels Archive, marxists.org (http://marxists.org)

8. Emperor Menelik II: The Military Strategist and Diplomat Who Changed the Course of History: First Edition, by Tilahun Tassew

9. Wikipedia

Turning Tides: Italian Footsteps will detail the hundred years of political manipulation and war from 1796 to 1896 which led to the formation of Italy. The fourth episode, The Taxing Road to Nationhood, will cover the initial hurdles Italy faced, during and immediately following unification.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 4 Sources:

1. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, by Christopher Duggan

2. Modern Italy: A Political History, by Denis Mack Smith

3. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy: Second Edition, by Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini

4. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

5. A Concise History of Italy: Second Edition, by Christopher Duggan

6. Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70 (1): Piedmont and the Two Sicilies, by Gabriele Esposito

7. Garibaldi and the Thousand: May 1860, by G. M. Trevelyan

8. Garibaldi and the Making of Italy: June-November 1860, by G. M. Trevelyan

9. Correspondence from the Seat of War in Italy, by George Meredith

10. From Peoples into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe, by John Connelly

11. Massacres of the Italian Risorgimento, by Antonio Ciano

12. Essential Histories: The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61, by Frederick C. Schneid

13. History of the Campaign of 1866 in Italy, by Alexander Hold

14. A Memory of Solferino, by Henry Dunant

15. The Massacre at Pontelandolfo & Casalduni Aug. 14, 1861, by Tom Frascella for sanfelesesocietynj.org (http://sanfelesesocietynj.org) in September 2016

16. Wikipedia

Turning Tides: Italian Footsteps will detail the hundred years of political manipulation and war from 1796 to 1896 which led to the formation of Italy. The third episode, After the Fall, will cover the disastrous First War of Italian Independence and its traumatic effect on the collective Italian psyche.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 3 Sources:

1. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, by Christopher Duggan

2. Modern Italy: A Political History, by Denis Mack Smith

3. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy: Second Edition, by Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini

4. From Peoples into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe, by John Connelly

5. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

6. A Concise History of Italy: Second Edition, by Christopher Duggan

7. Radetzky's Marches: The Campaigns of 1848 and 1849 in Upper Italy, by Michael Embree

8. Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70 (1): Piedmont and the Two Sicilies, by Gabriele Esposito

9. Garibaldi: An autobiography, by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Alexandre Dumas

10. Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic: 1848-49, by G. M. Trevelyan

11. Andrea Aguyar (A.K.A. Andrea Aquyar and Andrea Il Moro), 1810?-1849, by Robert Fikes for Blackpast.org (http://Blackpast.org) on July 30, 2018

12. Wikipedia

Turning Tides: Italian Footsteps will detail the hundred years of political manipulation and war from 1796 to 1896 which led to the formation of Italy. The second episode, The Lessons They Never Learned, will cover the White Terror of 1815, the growing movement toward Italian nationhood, and the decisive revolt in Milan in 1848.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 2 Sources:

1. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy: Second Edition, by Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini

2. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, by Christopher Duggan

3. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

4. A Concise History of Italy: Second Edition, by Christopher Duggan

5. From Peoples into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe, by John Connelly

6. Modern Italy: A Political History, by Dennis Mack Smith

7. Radetzky's Marches: The Campaigns of 1848 and 1849 in Upper Italy, by Michael Embree

8. Armies of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848-70 (1): Piedmont and the Two Sicilies, by Gabriele Esposito

9. Garibaldi: An autobiography, by Alexandre Dumas and Giuseppe Garibaldi

10. Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic: 1848-49, by G. M. Trevelyan

11. Wikipedia

Turning Tides: Italian Footsteps will detail the hundred years of political manipulation and war from 1796 to 1896 which led to the formation of Italy. The first episode, Revolutionary Change in the Peninsula of Constancy, will cover the Napoleonic Wars and their effect on Italians.

If you'd like to donate or sponsor the podcast, our PayPal is @TurningTidesPodcast1, or you can donate to us through our Buy Me a Coffee link: buymeacoffee.com/theturningtidespodcast. Thank you for your support!

Produced by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone in affiliation with AntiKs Entertainment.

Researched and written by Joseph Pascone

Edited and revised by Melissa Marie Brown

Intro and Outro created by Melissa Marie Brown and Joseph Pascone using Motion Array

Website: https://theturningtidespodcast.weebly.com/

IG/Threads/YouTube/Facebook: @theturningtidespodcast

Bluesky/Mastodon: @turningtidespod

Email: [email protected]

Bluesky/Mastodon/IG/YouTube/Facebook/Threads/TikTok: @antiksent

Email: [email protected]

Episode 1 Sources:

1. The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy: Second Edition, by Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini

2. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, by Christopher Duggan

3. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: Fourth Edition, by R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy

4. The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History, by Alexander Mikaberidze

5. A Concise History of Italy: Second Edition, by Christopher Duggan

6. From Peoples into Nations: A History of Eastern Europe, by John Connelly

7. Sapiens, by Doctor Yuval Noah Harari

8. Wikipedia