2 PAEDS IN A POD

Episode 88 | The RSV Jab Proves Itself

Released: 19th July 2026 | Runtime: ~20 minutes

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EPISODE SUMMARY

This episode leads with the first national effectiveness data on the UK's maternal RSV vaccination programme — a thirty-seven-hospital study finding that vaccination in pregnancy cut RSV hospital admissions by 61% to six months of age and 76% to three months, while also revealing that a third of mothers still aren't taking it up. The second main story asks whether the paediatric asthma scores now appearing in UK pathways can actually predict who needs admitting after a bronchodilator burst; across ten scores and over twelve hundred children, none reached the accuracy needed to be used that way. What's Caught My Eye covers the near-zero yield of retinal examinations in suspected abuse when head imaging is clear, a study showing that CT use in low-risk head injury is predicted by the clinician rather than the child, and data showing that one in ten children with a CNS infection had been seen and discharged in the preceding week.

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MAIN STORY 1: Does the maternal RSV vaccine work in the real world?

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The UK began offering bivalent RSVpreF vaccination to all pregnant people from 28 weeks in late summer 2024, moving to year-round delivery after an initial catch-up phase; nirsevimab replaced palivizumab for high-risk infants in late summer 2025. Trial efficacy is one thing — this is the first look at what the programme delivers once uptake, timing and ordinary life are in the mix. Note that Episode 85 covered a French cohort comparing nirsevimab against maternal vaccination head-to-head; this is a different question, asked of our own population.

Key findings:

• Prospective, test-negative case-control study across 37 BronchStop hospital sites in the UK; parents contributed to protocol design.
• 1,356 infants aged ≤6 months admitted with acute lower respiratory tract infection were screened; 694 entered the primary analysis (429 RSV-positive, 265 RSV-negative).
• Median age at admission 2.2 months for RSV-positive infants, 1.7 months for RSV-negative infants; 57% male.
• 38% of mothers of RSV-positive infants had received RSVpreF before delivery, against 66% of mothers of RSV-negative infants.
• Adjusted vaccine effectiveness against hospital admission: 61% (95% CI 38–75) to age 6 months, and 76% (95% CI 54–87) to age 3 months.
• Overall effectiveness of the UK RSV prevention programme: 61% (95% CI 39–75) through to 6 months.

The effect is largest exactly where the disease is most dangerous — the first three months of life. Equally important is the control group: with two-thirds uptake among mothers of RSV-negative infants, this is a story about a vaccine that works and a programme that hasn't yet reached everyone, and those are separate problems.

The design is observational, covers a single season, and deliberately excluded infants born before 28 weeks and those who received nirsevimab, so it measures the maternal vaccine in the population it was designed for rather than at the margins.

Reference: O'Hagan S, Cunningham S, Drysdale SB, et al. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. Published July 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(26)00134-3

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MAIN STORY 2: Can an asthma score tell you who needs admitting?

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Deciding whether a wheezy child goes home or upstairs after the first bronchodilator burst is one of the commonest judgements in paediatric emergency medicine, and structured asthma scores have been quietly appearing in UK departmental pathways as objective disposition aids. The CASPER study, from the PREDICT network, tested whether ten of the most widely used scores are actually good enough for that job.

Key findings:

• Multicentre prospective observational study across four Australian emergency departments; 1,238 children aged 2–18 who received at least one bronchodilator dose. Median age 3 years (IQR 2–6); 64% male; 41.4% met admission criteria.
• Trained research nurses took observations before and after initial treatment to calculate ten scores: PRAM, SiCAS, CAS, AAIRS, MPIS, PIS, PAS, PASS, Woods and Downs, and the Pulmonary Score.
• No score reached the prespecified AUC ROC of ≥0.80 for discriminating admission from discharge. The four best performers (MPIS, SiCAS, PIS, PAS) scored between 0.70 and 0.73.
• No score achieved a Youden index of ≥50%, meaning none struck an adequate balance between sensitivity and specificity.
• Every one of the ten scores did show that each one-point increase was associated with higher odds of admission (p<0.001).

The clinical bottom line is that these scores measure severity but do not make the disposition decision. They are reasonable for tracking a child over time, structuring a handover or triggering senior review; they are not a threshold to discharge on.

This is Australian data with different admission thresholds to ours, and the median age of 3 means a substantial proportion of the cohort is preschool wheeze rather than established asthma. If your department has a score embedded as a disposition rule, this is a reason to review it against current joint BTS/NICE/SIGN guidance.

Reference: Gray C, Armit L, Babl FE, et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Published July 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330613

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WHAT'S CAUGHT MY EYE

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1. The retinal examination you probably don't need

A multicentre retrospective study of 2,591 US children under two undergoing child protection evaluation with no intracranial injury on neuroimaging. Retinal examinations were performed in just 10.5% (272 children), and of those only four (1.5%) had retinal haemorrhages — all with a plausible alternative explanation. Worth your time because it makes a reasonable case that the examination can be safely deferred when head imaging is clear, sparing the infant, the family and your ophthalmology colleague, with the authors carving out suspected strangulation and signs of ocular trauma as the exceptions.

Reference: Hamlin I, Breeden-Carino K, Christian CW, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care. Published July 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003655

2. Why we scan the head injuries the rule says not to

A prospective multicentre study that surveyed 421 emergency clinicians on their experience and risk tolerance, then linked each to the 8,957 PECARN-negative children they had enrolled. 7.3% of these very-low-risk children were scanned anyway, and the predictors were clinician-level rather than patient-level: more years in practice (aOR 1.02), caring for fewer children in one's own practice (aOR 1.55), and self-reported avoidance of uncertain outcomes (aOR 1.31). Worth your time because it is a rare, honest look at the fact that we override a rule we know and trust for reasons that sit in us rather than in the child.

Reference: Chaudhari PP, Ugalde IT, Badawy M, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published July 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215859

3. The meningitis that went home

A cross-sectional study across five US states of 2,686 children admitted with meningitis, encephalitis or craniospinal abscess, asking how many had a prior emergency department visit within seven days. 10.6% did, at a median interval of two days; in children over 90 days, more than three-quarters of those visits were coded as isolated flu-like symptoms and only 6% had red flags such as altered mental status or neck pain. Worth your time for two numbers: in bacterial cases, a missed visit carried 2.49-fold adjusted odds of neurological complications, and the risk of a missed diagnosis was 3.7 times higher at the lowest paediatric-volume emergency departments — the closest analogue we have to the DGH and the urgent treatment centre.

Reference: Jafari K, Fatemi Y, Gupta A, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care. Published July 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003648

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

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• The UK maternal RSV vaccine cut hospital admission with RSV by 61% to six months of age and 76% to three months — British data from 37 hospitals, usable in a conversation with a parent.
• Uptake, not efficacy, is now the limiting factor: a third of mothers in the control group had not been vaccinated.
• No paediatric asthma score reached an AUC of 0.80 for predicting admission. Use them to measure severity and structure handover, not to decide disposition.
• If head imaging shows no intracranial injury, the yield of a retinal examination in suspected physical abuse is around 1.5%, and every positive in this cohort had another explanation.
• CT use in PECARN-negative head injury is driven by clinician experience and personal risk tolerance rather than by anything about the child.
• One in ten children admitted with a CNS infection had been seen and discharged in the previous week, usually looking like a virus — and missed diagnosis was commonest where children are seen least often.

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FULL REFERENCE LIST

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All articles retrieved from PubMed.

1. O'Hagan S, Cunningham S, Drysdale SB, Groves HE, Hunt S, Iskander D, Liu X, Lyttle MD, Mpamhanga CD, Waterfield T, Williams TC, Marlow R, Roland D. A national programme of bivalent prefusion F vaccination in pregnancy and protection against respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation in infants until age 6 months in the UK: a multicentre, prospective, test-negative, case-control study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2026 (advance online publication).
2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(26)00134-3
3. Gray C, Armit L, Babl FE, Dalziel S, Borland ML, O'Brien S, Tham D, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Craig S. Diagnostic accuracy study assessing the ability of paediatric asthma scores to predict admission following initial emergency department bronchodilator therapy: a Clinical Asthma Scoring systems in Paediatric Emergency (CASPER) study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026 (advance online publication).
4. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330613
5. Hamlin I, Breeden-Carino K, Christian CW, Wood JN, Binenbaum G, Campbell KA, Lindberg DM, Bachim A, Frasier L, George CLS, Horton D, Laub N, Letson MM, Valente M, Leonard J, Kiely J, Henry MK. Performance and Yield of Retinal Examinations in Cases of Suspected Physical Abuse Without Intracranial Injury. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online publication).
6. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003655
7. Chaudhari PP, Ugalde IT, Badawy M, Ishmine P, Yen K, McCarten-Gibbs KA, Nielsen D, Atigapramoj N, Tancredi DJ, Holmes JF, Kuppermann N. Clinician characteristics associated with CT use in children with minor blunt head trauma at very low risk for clinically important traumatic brain injuries. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026 (advance online publication).
8. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215859
9. Jafari K, Fatemi Y, Gupta A, Klein EJ, Mahajan P. Epidemiology of Potential Missed Diagnosis of Pediatric Central Nervous System Infections in the Emergency Department. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online publication).
10. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003648

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About 2 Paeds in a Pod

2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly.

If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes only. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

2 PAEDS IN A POD

Episode 87 | Second Thoughts on Sugar Gel

Released: 5th July 2026 | Runtime: ~20 minutes

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EPISODE SUMMARY

This episode opens with the school-age follow-up of the hPOD trial, which found that a single prophylactic dose of dextrose gel given to at-risk newborns made no difference to neurocognitive function at six to seven years and was linked to slightly more emotional and behavioural difficulty — a finding that argues against giving gel as routine prevention, while leaving its role in treating established hypoglycaemia intact. The second main story is a UK multicentre cohort asking whether every child with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia needs an echocardiogram, and making the case for risk-stratifying instead. What's Caught My Eye covers decision rules to reduce X-rays in children's limb injuries, a prehospital oral sedation pathway for people with learning disabilities, and a study showing how often clinicians mark the wrong spot for a chest drain.

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MAIN STORY 1: Does prophylactic dextrose gel protect the newborn brain?

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Buccal dextrose gel is established for treating neonatal hypoglycaemia. This is the six-to-seven-year follow-up of the hPOD trial, which tested a different question: whether giving gel prophylactically, before the sugar drops, protects long-term neurodevelopment in at-risk babies.

Key findings:

• Double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT across nine New Zealand hospitals; a single 0.2 g/kg dose of 40% dextrose gel or placebo at one hour of age.
• Just over 1,000 children assessed at 6–7 years, mostly in their own schools.
• No difference in the primary outcome of neurocognitive impairment: 59% (gel) vs 57% (placebo), adjusted difference 3% (95% CI −3% to 9%), not significant.
• The high baseline rate reflects a broad definition (below −1 SD on any 1 of 7 tests), not that most children were impaired.
• On exploratory outcomes, the gel group had more emotional-behavioural difficulty (24% vs 18%) and low psychosocial function (17% vs 12%).

The evidence does not support giving dextrose gel prophylactically to prevent hypoglycaemia in at-risk newborns. It does not change the use of gel to treat an established low glucose alongside a feed, which remains reasonable.

Caveat: the behavioural signals are exploratory secondary outcomes and should be read with caution given multiple comparisons.

Reference: Harding JE, Alsweiler JM, Brown GTL, et al. JAMA Pediatrics. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2486

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MAIN STORY 2: Does every child with Staph aureus bacteraemia need an echo?

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In adults, Staph aureus in the blood triggers a near-automatic search for infective endocarditis. This UK cohort asks whether children, in whom endocarditis is rare without risk factors, need the same universal approach.

Key findings:

• Retrospective cohort, six North West London hospitals, 2018–2023, 101 children with Staph aureus bacteraemia; 70% had transthoracic echo, 30% did not.
• Endocarditis confirmed in 4 children (5.6% of those scanned), all right-sided, and all with an established risk factor (congenital heart disease, central venous catheter, or intravenous drug use).
• No endocarditis in any child with a structurally normal heart and no risk factor.
• Features associated with endocarditis: embolic phenomena, persistent bacteraemia beyond 72 hours, and polymicrobial growth.

A risk-stratified approach looks defensible: echo can reasonably be omitted in a child with a structurally normal heart, no risk factor and no clinical or microbiological clue, and reserved for those with a heart lesion, an indwelling line, a relevant history, a murmur, embolic signs, or persistent or polymicrobial bacteraemia.

Caveat: retrospective, single-region, small numbers, and the longer stay in the echo group is confounded by indication; prospective validation is needed before changing protocol.

Reference: Gray K, Ahad F, Cunnington A. BMJ Paediatrics Open. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004466

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WHAT'S CAUGHT MY EYE

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1. Decision rules to cut X-rays in children's limb injuries

A systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies and nearly 8,000 children found that ankle decision rules substantially reduce radiography (odds ratio around 0.11), while a wrist rule missed eight fractures and a nurse-applied rule in one trial increased imaging and missed sixteen injuries. Worth your time because it shows imaging reduction is achievable but depends heavily on which rule, which joint, and who applies it.

Reference: Kirkland SW, Lesyk N, Herle E, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215355

2. Prehospital oral sedation for people with learning disabilities

The Barts Health Physician Response Unit built a pathway giving carer-administered oral ketamine and midazolam to let people with learning disabilities tolerate procedures that would otherwise be impossible; in the first year, nine of thirty-six referred patients were sedated with no serious adverse events and every patient tolerated their procedure. Worth your time as a practical model of reasonable adjustments that avoids restraint and parenteral routes.

Reference: Munro A, Kanagaratnam S, Navein J, Mitchinson S. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215424

3. How often do we find the wrong spot for a chest drain?

When fifteen paediatric emergency physicians marked the fifth intercostal space by landmarks and were checked with ultrasound, only 37% of 240 marks were accurate, nearly one in ten sat below the diaphragm, and more experienced clinicians were more likely to mark too low. Worth your time as a strong argument for an ultrasound check before this rare, high-stakes procedure.

Reference: Biela CM, Ruthford MR, Shah A, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003645

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

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• Prophylactic dextrose gel does not improve neurocognition at 6–7 years in at-risk newborns and may carry a small behavioural cost.
• Gel remains reasonable for treating an established low glucose alongside a feed — prophylaxis and treatment are separate questions.
• Not every child with Staph aureus bacteraemia needs an echo; risk-stratify by heart structure, risk factors, and clinical or microbiological features.
• Ankle decision rules reliably reduce limb X-rays, but the choice of rule and who applies it determines whether that is safe.
• Landmark placement of chest drains is frequently inaccurate and experience does not protect against it — check with ultrasound.

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FULL REFERENCE LIST

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All articles retrieved from PubMed.

1. Harding JE, Alsweiler JM, Brown GTL, et al. Prophylactic Dextrose Gel for Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Neurocognitive Function at 6 to 7 Years of Age: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2026 (advance online publication).
2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2486
3. Gray K, Ahad F, Cunnington A. Transthoracic echocardiography in children with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a multi-centre retrospective analysis. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 2026;10(1).
4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004466
5. Kirkland SW, Lesyk N, Herle E, et al. Interventions to reduce imaging in children with upper or lower extremity injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026;43(7):435–444.
6. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215355
7. Munro A, Kanagaratnam S, Navein J, Mitchinson S. Prehospital pathway offering oral dissociative procedural sedation for patients with learning disabilities. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026;43(6):374–375.
8. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215424
9. Biela CM, Ruthford MR, Shah A, et al. Evaluating the Accuracy of Chest Tube Thoracostomy Site Selection by Pediatric Emergency Medicine Physicians Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online publication).
10. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003645

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About 2 Paeds in a Pod

2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly.

If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes only. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

EPISODE SUMMARY

This episode leads on a problem every acute paediatric unit now lives with: the child in mental health crisis admitted to a general children's ward while waiting for specialist care. A new UK consensus study sets out sixteen practical, risk-stratified strategies that a non-specialist team can use to keep these young people safer. The second story turns to the forearm fracture, with a large cohort showing that one child in eight returns to the emergency department within a week of casting — rising to one in four for reduced distal both-bone fractures — and a companion piece asking whether ultrasound can guide the reduction itself. What's Caught My Eye covers whether "highly toxic" drugs really threaten toddlers after a single dose, real-world evidence that earlier egg introduction cut egg allergy, and the refreshed top ten research priorities for paediatric emergency medicine across the UK and Ireland.

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MAIN STORY 1: Keeping children in mental health crisis safe on the ward

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Children and young people in mental health crisis are routinely admitted to acute paediatric wards that were never designed to hold them, cared for by staff with little mental health training. This UK mixed-methods study asked a deliberately practical question: while these young people are in our care, what can a general team actually do to reduce risk?

Key findings:

• Twenty-six candidate risk-mitigation strategies were generated from a systematic review and qualitative interviews.
• Sixteen reached expert consensus (≥70% agreement) for clinical usefulness among a panel of 16 healthcare professionals and experts by experience.
• Prioritised strategies included structured safety checks on admission and daily thereafter, proactive environmental modification to remove triggers and ligature risks, one-to-one observation reframed around therapeutic engagement rather than surveillance, timely escalation to specialist mental health services, and routine multidisciplinary safety huddles.
• Each strategy was mapped to clinical risk level (low, medium, high, very high) using a validated paediatric mental health risk assessment framework.

For practice, this converts a familiar sense of helplessness into a structured, risk-matched checklist that any acute paediatric team in the NHS can adopt immediately, without waiting for system-level reform.

The caveat: these are consensus-derived strategies from a small expert panel, not outcomes from a trial, so this is a framework for good practice rather than proof of reduced harm — and escalation to specialist services remains part of it, not an alternative to it.

Reference: Kaltsa A, Marufu TC, Carter T, et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Published May 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-328977

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MAIN STORY 2: Forearm fractures — life after the cast, and guiding the reduction

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The forearm fracture is everyday work in paediatric emergency medicine, but we rarely track what happens once the child leaves with a cast. This single-centre cohort quantified unplanned return visits within the first week, and a companion Archives piece asks whether point-of-care ultrasound could improve the reduction at the bedside.

Key findings:

• Among 551 children treated with circumferential casting (from 4,661 forearm fractures reviewed), 67 (12.2%) made an unplanned return to the ED within seven days.
• 92.5% of returns were for pain and around 95% required cast modification.
• Return rates varied sharply by pattern: distal radius and ulna 23.8%, midshaft both-bone 15.7%, distal radius alone 8.5%, other 5.5%.
• Returns were more than three times as likely after reduction than after in-situ casting (16.1% vs 4.3%), peaking at 27.1% for reduced distal both-bone fractures.
• There were no cases of compartment syndrome and 98.4% completed non-operative treatment successfully.

The clinical bottom line is about specific, risk-matched safety-netting: a reduced distal both-bone fracture carries a one-in-four chance of a painful early return, so families with high-risk patterns need tailored expectations and follow-up rather than a generic discharge.

This is single-centre data from outside the UK, so absolute rates will differ here, but the pattern — reduced wrist fractures being the ones that bounce back — will be familiar to any UK ED or fracture clinic, and the ultrasound question speaks to whether a better first-time reduction could cut returns at source.

Reference: Romem R, Aliev E, Fainzack A, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003637

Companion: Iio K, Harel-Sterling M, Freire GC. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330589

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WHAT'S CAUGHT MY EYE

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1. Does one pill really kill?

A prospective registry across 58 Spanish emergency departments examined accidental ingestions of "highly toxic" drugs — the agents reputed to kill a toddler in a single dose — in children under eight. Of 61 such ingestions, most often cardiovascular drugs and opioids, only four children (under 7%) were symptomatic, none needed advanced airway or circulatory support, and there were no deaths. It is a measured argument for evidence-based risk stratification over blanket alarm, though the number of genuinely toxic cases is small.

Reference: Ramírez-Romero J, Mintegi S, Azkunaga Santibañez B, et al. Pediatric Emergency Care. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003634

2. Did earlier egg introduction actually cut egg allergy?

Two population-based cohorts of twelve-month-olds in Melbourne, before and after guidelines changed to recommend earlier egg introduction, had egg allergy confirmed by skin prick test and oral food challenge. As the typical age of introduction fell from eight to six months, confirmed egg allergy dropped from 9.2% to 7.6% overall, and from 34.6% to 21.9% in the highest-risk infants with early eczema. It is real-world, population-level evidence that a weaning guideline change moved the dial — albeit an Australian before-and-after comparison rather than a trial.

Reference: Koplin JJ, Shifti DM, Soriano VX, et al. JAMA Pediatrics. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2080

3. New research priorities for UK and Ireland PEM

A James Lind Alliance priority-setting partnership rebuilt the research agenda for paediatric emergency medicine across the UK and Ireland, a decade on from the original and this time with patients and carers alongside clinicians. From 655 submitted questions, the process produced a new top ten research priorities agreed by consensus. These questions will shape what gets funded and studied in the specialty for the next decade, and the work comes from the PERUKI network.

Reference: Sloane C, Waterfield T, Evans J, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published June 2026.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215836

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

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• A general paediatric team is not powerless with a child in mental health crisis: daily structured safety checks, removing risks from the environment, and engagement-focused one-to-one care are all within reach, and there is now a consensus framework to organise them by risk level.
• These are consensus strategies, not trial outcomes — use them as a structure for good practice, not as proof of reduced harm.
• Most early returns after a forearm cast are pain and cast problems, not emergencies, but reduced distal both-bone fractures return roughly one time in four and warrant specific safety-netting.
• In a large Spanish registry, accidental ingestions of even "highly toxic" drugs rarely caused symptoms and caused no deaths — grounds for sharper risk stratification.
• Earlier egg introduction was followed by a measurable population fall in egg allergy, most markedly in infants with early eczema.

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FULL REFERENCE LIST

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All articles retrieved from PubMed.

1. Kaltsa A, Marufu TC, Carter T, et al. Risk mitigation for children and young people in mental health crisis admitted to acute paediatric care: a mixed methods exploratory study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026 (advance online).
2. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-328977
3. Romem R, Aliev E, Fainzack A, et al. Unplanned Return Visits to the Emergency Department Following Circumferential Cast Applications for Pediatric Forearm Fractures. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online).
4. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003637
5. Iio K, Harel-Sterling M, Freire GC. Can point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) be used to guide closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures? Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026 (advance online).
6. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330589
7. Ramírez-Romero J, Mintegi S, Azkunaga Santibañez B, et al. Accidental Ingestion of Highly Toxic Drugs in Young Children: A Multicenter Study From Spanish Pediatric Emergency Departments. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online).
8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003634
9. Koplin JJ, Shifti DM, Soriano VX, et al. Egg Allergy Prevalence Before and After Guidelines for Earlier Egg Introduction. JAMA Pediatrics. 2026 (advance online).
10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2080
11. Sloane C, Waterfield T, Evans J, et al. Refreshing the paediatric emergency medicine research priorities across the UK and Ireland. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026 (advance online).
12. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215836

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ABOUT 2 PAEDS IN A POD

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2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly.

If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes only. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

2 PAEDS IN A POD Episode 85 | The Trouble With Boluses

Released: 07/06/2026 | Runtime: ~20 minutes

EPISODE SUMMARY

This episode leads on fluid in childhood sepsis. A new multicentre cohort from Australia and New Zealand found that mortality rose with the volume of bolus fluid given in the first day, but not with the total volume of fluid — a finding set alongside the recently published PRoMPT BOLUS trial, which showed that balanced fluid and saline produce the same kidney outcomes. The second story returns to the febrile infant for a third time, with a meta-analysis quantifying the risk of serious bacterial infection in the well sixty-to-ninety-day-old. What's Caught My Eye covers the TWIST score and ultrasound for the acute scrotum, nirsevimab versus the maternal RSV vaccine head to head, and language barriers and safety in the paediatric emergency department.

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MAIN STORY 1: How much fluid is too much in childhood sepsis? ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Fluid is the first thing we reach for in the septic child, and the volume question has never been fully settled. This cohort measured the fluid children actually received in the first twenty-four hours and asked how it related to outcome, arriving just as PRoMPT BOLUS reported on the separate question of which fluid to use.

Key findings:

• 5,352 children with suspected community-acquired sepsis across 11 emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand (2021–2023); median age 2.6 years.
• In-hospital mortality was low at 1.1%; around 5.5% met Phoenix sepsis criteria.
• Median total fluid in the first 24 hours was 40 mL/kg, of which the bolus component was 10 mL/kg.
• Mortality rose with increasing bolus volume but not with increasing total fluid; the unadjusted odds ratio for death with more than 55 mL/kg versus less than 15 mL/kg of bolus fluid was 20.5 (95% CI 8.0–52.5).
• For context, PRoMPT BOLUS (9,041 children, 47 departments, five countries) found no difference in major adverse kidney events between balanced fluid and 0.9% saline (3.4% vs 3.0%), with less hyperchloraemia in the balanced-fluid group.

For practice, the converging message is that the fluid you choose matters less than hoped, while the volume you give may matter more than thought. This supports the titrated, reassess-after-each-bolus approach that NICE and APLS already ask for, rather than a fixed escalator.

Important caveat: the bolus–mortality association is unadjusted and observational, and the sickest children in refractory shock receive the most bolus fluid, so this does not show that boluses cause harm and is not a reason to withhold fluid from a shocked child.

Reference: Long E, Selman C, Borland ML, et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Published May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-330189

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MAIN STORY 2: How risky is the febrile two-month-old? ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

The sixty-to-ninety-day-old is the febrile infant our guidelines treat least consistently — some pathways stop at sixty days, others lump the whole under-ninety group together. This meta-analysis supplies the missing denominator for that group, completing a run that has moved from risk stratification, through practice variation, to underlying prevalence.

Key findings:

• 59 studies, 20 distinct datasets, just under 34,835 well-appearing, previously healthy febrile infants aged 60–90 days.
• Pooled prevalence of invasive bacterial infection was 1.11% (95% CI 0.84–1.47), roughly 1 in 90.
• Almost all of that was bacteraemia at 1.01%; bacterial meningitis was rare at 0.11%, roughly 1 in 900.
• Estimates held across every sensitivity analysis, including removal of the single largest study.

The clinical bottom line is a number to carry into both your own reasoning and the conversation with parents: in the well infant in this band, meningitis risk of around one in nine hundred is a reasonable thing to weigh when deciding whether this particular baby needs a lumbar puncture or a more measured pathway with good safety-netting.

These are international data, so map the figures onto your local febrile infant pathway and the NICE traffic-light thresholds rather than applying them in isolation.

Reference: Dionisopoulos Z, Sabhaney V, D'Arienzo D, et al. JAMA Pediatrics. Published May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1815

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WHAT'S CAUGHT MY EYE ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. TWIST and ultrasound for the acute scrotum

A retrospective study of just over 500 boys aged fifteen and under with an acute scrotum tested how the TWIST score and point-of-care ultrasound perform in the hands of emergency physicians and paediatricians. The TWIST score had a sensitivity of around 91% and a negative predictive value of 99%, and adding ultrasound pushed sensitivity to 96% and negative predictive value to 100%. Worth your time because it supports front-door risk stratification of the acute scrotum, though the residual false negatives mean it cannot be used to rule torsion out.

Reference: Nakamura T, Kinoshita M, Ihara T, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215067

2. Nirsevimab versus the maternal RSV vaccine, head to head

A French national cohort of more than 164,000 infants across the 2024–25 season compared nirsevimab given at birth against maternal RSVpreF vaccination. Nirsevimab was associated with about a 22% lower chance of RSV-related hospitalisation (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70–0.86), but that advantage disappeared when the maternal vaccine had been given at least eight weeks before delivery. Worth your time because both products are now live in the UK, so this speaks directly to counselling families and to the timing of maternal vaccination.

Reference: Valtuille Z, Fafi I, Kaguelidou F, et al. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. Published May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(26)00075-1

3. Language barriers and safety in the paediatric emergency department

A scoping review of 33 studies mapped where, along the emergency care journey, language barriers threaten the safety of children's care. Risk appeared at every stage, but discharge — the moment we hand over safety-netting and home-care advice — was flagged most often. Worth your time as a pointed reminder that, in a multilingual NHS population, the discharge conversation is a safety-critical step rather than an afterthought.

Reference: Odedra R, Averill P, Nijman RG, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215617

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KEY TAKEAWAYS ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• PRoMPT BOLUS shows balanced fluid and saline produce the same kidney outcomes in paediatric septic shock; the choice of fluid matters less than once hoped.
• New observational data suggest it is bolus volume, not total fluid, that tracks with mortality — a reason to give a measured bolus, reassess, and only repeat if the child still needs it, not a reason to withhold fluid.
• In the well sixty-to-ninety-day-old, invasive bacterial infection runs at about 1 in 90 and meningitis at about 1 in 900 — a denominator for proportionate investigation and honest parent conversations.
• The TWIST score and ultrasound can risk-stratify the acute scrotum at the front door but cannot rule torsion out.
• In a multilingual population, discharge and safety-netting are the highest-risk points for language-related harm.

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FULL REFERENCE LIST ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

All articles retrieved from PubMed.

1. Long E, Selman C, Borland ML, et al. IV bolus, maintenance and medication carrier fluid in children with community-acquired sepsis: a multicentre cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-330189
2. Dionisopoulos Z, Sabhaney V, D'Arienzo D, et al. Prevalence of Invasive Bacterial Infections Among Febrile Infants Aged 60 to 90 Days: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2026. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1815
3. Nakamura T, Kinoshita M, Ihara T, et al. Evaluating the TWIST score and point-of-care ultrasound for paediatric testicular torsion. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026;43(6):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215067
4. Valtuille Z, Fafi I, Kaguelidou F, et al. Effectiveness of nirsevimab immunisation after birth versus RSVpreF maternal vaccination in preventing RSV-related hospitalisations in infants: a population-based retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2026. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(26)00075-1
5. Odedra R, Averill P, Nijman RG, et al. Understanding how language barriers in the paediatric emergency care setting influences safety of care delivery: a scoping review. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215617

Supporting references (main story 1 context):

1. Balamuth F, Weiss SL, Long E, et al. Balanced Fluid or 0.9% Saline in Children Treated for Septic Shock. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2601969
2. PRoMPT BOLUS; fluids for treating shock, the evidence builds [editorial]. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026;111(6):485. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330872

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About 2 Paeds in a Pod ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly.

If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes only. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

2 PAEDS IN A POD Episode 84 | The Febrile Infant Lottery Released: 24/5/2026 | Runtime: ~20 minutes

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EPISODE SUMMARY

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This episode opens with a large London study showing that the care a febrile young infant receives depends heavily on which hospital they attend, with full adherence to national guidance achieved in only one in five presentations and over-investigation almost as common as under-investigation. The second main story examines a French randomised controlled trial of automated closed-loop oxygen titration in bronchiolitis — negative on its primary endpoint of length of stay, but with coherent secondary signals on saturation targeting and oxygen flow that make it a useful lesson in reading past the abstract. What's Caught My Eye covers a systematic review of electronic sepsis alerts in children, a multicentre cohort of in-hospital neonatal head injury on the postnatal ward, and a study asking whether comprehensive respiratory virus panels change outcomes in discharged children.

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MAIN STORY 1: How much does the febrile infant's hospital matter? ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

The febrile infant under ninety days is one of the highest-stakes presentations in paediatric emergency and acute care. National guidance exists precisely to compress that diagnostic uncertainty into something consistent. This retrospective study across twenty-one London hospitals, run through the London REACH network, tested whether care actually looks the same once that guidance is applied — and the answer is that it does not.

Key findings:

• 2,008 presentations of infants aged 90 days or younger; 41.1% were febrile at the point of assessment
• Blood tests performed in 73.7% overall, but ranging from 55.4% to 96.7% across sites; lumbar puncture 40.8% overall, range 17.1% to 70.7%; urinalysis 63.4% overall, range 43.4% to 85.4%
• Antibiotics started in 57.7% overall (site range 35.4% to 90.2%); admission in 63.5% overall (site range 46.7% to 99.2%)
• Full adherence to national clinical practice guidelines in only 21.9% of presentations; partial adherence 24.4%; non-adherence 31.2%; over-adherence 23.5%
• Adherence was higher in infants under 28 days and in those febrile during assessment

The clinical message is that variation runs hard in both directions. We tend to fear under-investigation and the missed serious bacterial infection, but over-investigation — unnecessary lumbar puncture, septic screen, intravenous antibiotics and admission in a well baby — was almost as common, and it is not a neutral act. The practical focus for departments is the infant who is afebrile by the time they are assessed, where the guidance gives least direction and the variation is widest.

This is London-specific, retrospective, and the study period overlaps the later pandemic, so the absolute numbers will not transfer directly to a district general setting.

Habermann S, Hartzenberg R, Loucaides EM, et al. (London REACH Network). Variation in management of febrile infants younger than 90 days across London: a retrospective cohort study. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2026;185(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-026-06938-y

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MAIN STORY 2: Automated oxygen titration in bronchiolitis ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Oxygen titration in bronchiolitis is a constant low-level drain on nursing time across the winter. This trial tested whether handing the titration to a closed-loop device improves the outcome that matters to families and to flow — length of hospital stay.

Key findings:

• Multicentre randomised controlled trial, ten paediatric departments in France, 2018 to 2023; 103 infants aged 1 to 12 months with acute bronchiolitis requiring oxygen, severe bronchiolitis excluded
• Primary endpoint negative: median stay 71.0 hours with the FreeO2 device versus 69.6 hours with manual titration (p=0.39)
• Time within the target oxygen saturation zone 89.4% with automation versus 74.9% with manual titration (p<0.05)
• Median oxygen flow 0.1 L/min with automation versus 0.3 L/min manual (p<0.05); no significant difference in re-hospitalisation at 7 or 30 days or in non-invasive ventilation use

The bottom line is that automated titration does not shorten length of stay, so it should not be argued for on that basis, but the secondary signals are coherent — better time in target range at lower oxygen flows. The wider teaching point is that a negative primary endpoint in an underpowered trial is not the same as nothing having happened; length of stay in bronchiolitis is driven by feeding and overall trajectory far more than by oxygen delivery precision, so it may always have been an insensitive endpoint for this intervention.

This sits within the larger UK conversation on permissive hypoxaemia and oxygen saturation targets in bronchiolitis, and is worth reading alongside the BIDS trial and current oxygen-target guidance rather than in isolation.

Cros P, Martin A, Consigny M, et al. Automated oxygen flow titration for infants with bronchiolitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-329523

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WHAT'S CAUGHT MY EYE ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. Do electronic sepsis alerts actually save children?

A systematic review and narrative synthesis of twelve studies of EMR-embedded automated sepsis alerts in children under eighteen. Alerts improved process measures — faster time to antibiotics in four of six studies and faster fluids in two of five — without increasing hospital admissions or overall antibiotic use, but a mortality benefit was shown in only one study, in a PICU population. As more NHS trusts switch on electronic sepsis triggers, this is the honest evidence position to know: the process metrics move, the hard outcome data do not yet exist.

Driver B, Babl FE, Cheng D, et al. Alerts and Alarms — Can Electronic Medical Records Help Children and Adolescents Survive Sepsis? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.70412

2. The neonatal head injury that happens on your postnatal ward

A retrospective cohort across fifteen Italian maternity units of newborns who fell during routine postnatal stay, with the PECARN rule applied retrospectively. Thirty-nine newborns, median age at injury 32 hours, most falls at night in rooming-in; a quarter (25.6%) had a clinically important traumatic brain injury but none needed neurosurgery or had sequelae, while 88.9% of low-risk babies were imaged anyway. A low-severity, high-anxiety event most clinicians never see described, sitting right at the edge of where PECARN was never validated — the newborn.

Corsini I, Cecchetti M, Giacalone M, et al. In-Hospital Neonatal Head Injury: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Hospital Pediatrics. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2025-008952

3. Does a bigger respiratory virus panel change anything?

A retrospective cohort of 2,346 children discharged from a paediatric emergency department with a viral respiratory illness, comparing a limited three-pathogen panel against a comprehensive twenty-two-pathogen panel. No difference in seven-day return visit rate after adjustment (aOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.67–1.38) and no difference in interventions or disposition on return. For the well child being discharged with an obvious viral illness, the bigger panel did not change outcomes — a clean stewardship argument for testing less, not more.

Stephan AM, Pérez-Lizardi JY, Stern LM, et al. Evaluating the Impact of Respiratory Pathogen Testing on Pediatric Emergency Department Return Visits and Management. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003622

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

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• Febrile infant care varies widely between hospitals, with full guideline adherence in only one in five presentations
• Over-investigation of the well febrile infant is almost as common as under-investigation, and is not a harmless default; the afebrile-on-assessment infant is where guidance is weakest
• Automated oxygen titration in bronchiolitis did not reduce length of stay, but a negative primary endpoint in an underpowered trial warrants reading the secondary data
• Electronic sepsis alerts reliably speed up antibiotics and fluids but the mortality evidence is not yet established
• For the well child discharged with a viral respiratory illness, a comprehensive virus panel did not improve outcomes over a limited one

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1. Habermann S, Hartzenberg R, Loucaides EM, Lawson G, Carr D, Maconochie I, Nijman RG; London REACH Network. Variation in management of febrile infants younger than 90 days across London: a retrospective cohort study. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2026;185(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-026-06938-y
2. Cros P, Martin A, Consigny M, Bihouee T, Masson A, Gaitan L, Roué JM. Automated oxygen flow titration for infants with bronchiolitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2025-329523
3. Driver B, Babl FE, Cheng D, Gelbart B, Long E, McNab S, Osowicki J, Salib P, Williams A, Haeusler GM. Alerts and Alarms — Can Electronic Medical Records Help Children and Adolescents Survive Sepsis? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.70412
4. Corsini I, Cecchetti M, Giacalone M, Aceti A, Francescato G, Bechi F, Chiaretti A, Bernardini R, Vasarri P, Grosso S, Magi L, Centenari C, Navari S, Coccolini E, Agostiniani R, Cerbo RM, Ficial B, Dani C, Parri N. In-Hospital Neonatal Head Injury: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Hospital Pediatrics. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2025-008952
5. Stephan AM, Pérez-Lizardi JY, Stern LM, Jonas JA, Thomas C, Gerber N, Acker KP, Levine DA. Evaluating the Impact of Respiratory Pathogen Testing on Pediatric Emergency Department Return Visits and Management. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026 (advance online publication). https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003622

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2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly.

If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes only. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

Released: May 2026 | Runtime: ~20 minutes

In this episode, Ian covers what's caught his eye in the paediatric literature this fortnight. The main story looks at a landmark national review of child deaths from knife wounds in England — and what it means for those of us working in paediatric emergency and urgent care. He then turns to new data on febrile infants aged 29 to 60 days and the evolving evidence base around risk stratification in that notoriously tricky age group. The episode closes with three quick picks from this fortnight's journal sweep: point-of-care lung ultrasound for pneumonia, reframing conversations about paediatric palliative care, and a flag for the new Surviving Sepsis Campaign paediatric guidelines — which we'll be coming back to in a dedicated episode soon.

Knife-related deaths in children and young people represent one of the most pressing — and most inequitable — public health challenges in England today. This month, Roberts and colleagues published a review using the National Child Mortality Database covering every child under 18 who died of a knife wound between April 2019 and March 2024.

The headline findings:

• 145 children died over the five-year period — roughly one every two weeks
• Mean age at death was 14.4 years; 90% were male
• Black or Black British children died at a rate more than 13 times higher than white children when corrected for population size
• Children in the most deprived areas of England had over 7 times the risk of death compared with those in the least deprived areas
• 60% of children died before reaching hospital
• Of those who reached hospital, 57% underwent a thoracotomy — reflecting the severity of injuries sustained
• Injuries to the chest and neck were responsible for 76% of fatal wounds
• 75% of children had been known to social services prior to their death
• 58% had experienced domestic violence and abuse
• 51% had documented neurodiversity or mental health concerns

Why this matters for paediatric practice: These were not invisible children. The vast majority were known to statutory services. For clinicians working in paediatric emergency and urgent care, this paper is a reminder that every child who comes through our doors carries a history — and that our role extends beyond the presenting complaint. It also raises important questions about pre-hospital intervention, penetrating trauma training in paediatric settings, and the role of the ED as a potential point of early intervention for children at risk.

Knife injuries are not confined to major urban centres — the data show deaths distributed across all regions of England.

Reference: Roberts T, Odd D, Coveney J, et al. Emergency Medicine Journal. Published April 2026. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215154

The febrile infant aged 29 to 60 days occupies some of the most uncomfortable clinical territory in paediatric emergency medicine. Too old for the automatic full-septic-screen approach applied under 28 days, but too young to rely on clinical examination alone. This paper from Burstein, Xie, and Kuppermann — published in JAMA Pediatrics — examines how the updated PECARN (Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network) febrile infant rule performs in an international sample.

What the PECARN rule involves: The rule uses a combination of clinical and laboratory parameters to stratify infants into low, intermediate, and higher risk for invasive bacterial infection (bacteraemia and bacterial meningitis). Key components include temperature, urinalysis findings, absolute neutrophil count, procalcitonin, and — where indicated — CSF analysis.

Why this paper matters: The original PECARN derivation and validation studies were predominantly North American. This international validation is an important step in understanding how the rule performs across different healthcare systems, bacterial epidemiology, and rates of prior antibiotic exposure. The full data are behind a paywall, but the publication itself signals continued maturation of the evidence base.

For UK practice: NICE guidance for this age group tends towards more liberal investigation. Whether structured risk stratification tools like PECARN could safely reduce lumbar punctures and admissions in a subset of genuinely low-risk infants is an active and important question for UK paediatric emergency practice.

Key learning point: Know the PECARN framework. Know its components. And watch this space — this is a field moving quickly.

Reference: Burstein B, Xie J, Kuppermann N. JAMA Pediatrics. Published April 2026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0971

A review in Pediatric Emergency Care summarising the diagnostic performance of bedside lung ultrasound (LUS) for pneumonia in children. Multiple meta-analyses demonstrate sensitivity up to 94% and specificity up to 96% — at least comparable to chest X-ray, often better, and without the radiation burden or logistical delay.

The key caveat: distinguishing bacterial consolidation from viral illness or asthma on ultrasound requires training and careful clinical correlation. Overlapping sonographic appearances are common and the technique is operator-dependent.

For anyone working in paediatric ED or acute settings who hasn't yet developed confident POCUS skills for respiratory presentations — this is the evidence base saying it's worth the investment.

Reference: Marzook N. Pediatric Emergency Care. Vol 42(5):391–399. Published April 2026. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003533

Stewart and colleagues at Evelina London Children's Hospital, writing in BMJ Paediatrics Open, have produced a thoughtful narrative review examining why paediatric palliative care referral happens late — and what we can do about it.

The central argument: the words "palliative care" carry such strong associations with dying that clinicians often delay conversations for fear of undermining hope, and families often hear "giving up" where clinicians intend "additional support." Crucially, directly debunking this myth — saying "palliative care isn't just about end-of-life" — can backfire by activating the very association you're trying to dispel.

What works better, the authors argue, is replacing the narrative rather than fighting it. Lead with what palliative care actually looks like — coordinated, holistic, life-enhancing support that runs alongside active treatment from the point of diagnosis. The paper offers a useful metaphor: palliative care is the umbrella, not the rain. You reach for it before the storm, not once you're soaked.

A practical, communication-focused paper with something genuinely useful for anyone — trainee or consultant — who has ever felt uncomfortable raising that conversation.

Reference: Stewart CE, Vare C, Kerr-Elliott T, et al. BMJ Paediatrics Open. Vol 10(1). Published April 2026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004413

The 2026 update to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign international guidelines for paediatric sepsis and septic shock is out. A panel of 68 international experts produced 61 statements — including 20 new recommendations and 13 updates from the 2020 version. Of note: only three of the 61 recommendations are based on high or moderate quality evidence.

We'll be covering this in full in an upcoming episode. For now — get it on your reading list.

Reference: Weiss SL, Peters MJ, et al. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. Vol 27(4):379–434. Published March 2026. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000003927

• The knife crime mortality data are a call to action for every clinician working with children — clinically, in terms of safeguarding awareness, and as advocates for the children most at risk
• PECARN febrile infant risk stratification is maturing internationally — if your department doesn't use a structured approach for the 29–60 day febrile infant, now is the time to revisit
• Point-of-care lung ultrasound for paediatric pneumonia has strong diagnostic performance — sensitivity and specificity both exceed 90% in meta-analyses, and the skill is worth developing
• When introducing paediatric palliative care, replace the narrative rather than debunking it — lead with what it is, not what it isn't
• The new Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines are out — full episode coming soon

All articles retrieved from PubMed. Based on articles retrieved from PubMed:

1. Roberts T, Odd D, Coveney J, et al. Preinjury, injury and postinjury factors leading to death in children and young people who were victims of knife crime in England between 2019 and 2024: a review of the National Child Mortality Database. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2025-215154
2. Burstein B, Xie J, Kuppermann N. Bacteremia and bacterial meningitis among low-risk febrile infants aged 29 to 60 days. JAMA Pediatrics. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0971
3. Marzook N. The use of point-of-care lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in pediatric patients. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2026;42(5):391–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003533
4. Stewart CE, Vare C, Kerr-Elliott T, et al. Shifting the narrative: reframing paediatric palliative care to enable earlier engagement. BMJ Paediatrics Open. 2026;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2025-004413
5. Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Oczkowski SJW, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock in children 2026. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2026;27(4):379–434. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000003927

2 Paeds in a Pod is a paediatric medical education podcast hosted by Dr Ian Lewins, Clinical Lead for Paediatric Urgent and Emergency Care at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust. New episodes fortnightly. If you found this episode useful, please share it with a colleague.

The content of this podcast is intended for educational purposes. It does not constitute clinical advice. Always refer to current national guidelines and local protocols when making clinical decisions.

Clinical Question

In children presenting with acute severe asthma, does intravenous aminophylline improve meaningful clinical outcomes compared to standard therapy?

⸻

Background

IV aminophylline has historically been used as a second-line infusion in severe paediatric asthma. However, contemporary escalation strategies increasingly prioritise:

• Oxygen

• High-dose nebulised salbutamol

• Systemic corticosteroids

• IV magnesium sulphate

This raises the question: does aminophylline still offer incremental benefit?

⸻

The Evidence Reviewed

A systematic review published in Archives of Disease in Childhood analysed:

• 9 randomised controlled trials

• 466 children

• Standard therapy ± IV aminophylline

Outcomes assessed:

• Asthma severity scores

• Length of stay

• Admission rates

• PICU admission

• Intubation rates

• Adverse effects

⸻

Key Findings

No significant benefit in:

• Speed of clinical improvement

• Admission rates

• PICU transfer

• Intubation rates

• Length of hospital stay

Significant increase in adverse effects:

• Nausea and vomiting (3–5x higher)

• Headache

• Tremor

• Irritability

• Arrhythmias

Overall: No improvement in meaningful outcomes, with increased morbidity.

⸻

Important Caveat

A 1998 study (Young & South) suggested possible benefit in the most critically unwell, treatment-refractory children, including:

• Reduced duration of intubation

• Potential improvement in lung function

This suggests a potential narrow rescue-therapy window.

⸻

Implications for Paediatric Emergency Practice (2025)

Current best evidence supports:

1. Oxygen

2. Nebulised salbutamol

3. Systemic corticosteroids

4. IV magnesium

5. Structured escalation planning

IV aminophylline should be considered:

• A rescue therapy of last resort

• Not routine second-line treatment

⸻

Take-Home Message

IV aminophylline has historical presence but limited modern evidence of benefit. For most children with acute severe asthma, it increases adverse effects without improving outcomes.

Its role in 2025: rare, selective, and critically contextual.

In this episode we talk to Dr Etimbuk Umana, the lead author of the FIDO study looking at the management of febrile infants in the Emergency Department. FIDO is a PERUKI sponsored study and was recently published in The Lancet: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00540-6/fulltext

We talk to Dr Tom Jackson about his article in Archives of Disease in Childhood looking at the use of Dexmedetomidine as a sedative agent fro children undergoing MRI scans in a district general hospital. Is it better the NICE recommended medications? Article can be found here: https://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2022/03/10/archdischild-2021-322734