In this episode, we unpack Hal Draper’s influential essay The Two Souls of Socialism, which explores the fundamental divide between Socialism-from-Above and Socialism-from-Below. Draper critiques top-down approaches embraced by figures like Lassalle and the Fabians while celebrating the revolutionary spirit of thinkers like Marx, Luxemburg, and Debs. Through historical analysis, Draper exposes the dangers of authoritarianism disguised as equality and argues for the self-emancipation of the masses as the only path to true socialism. Join us as we examine this compelling framework for understanding the past, present, and future of socialist thought.