A case in which the Court held that the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit a state from executing a prisoner who due to mental disability cannot remember committing his crime, but it does prohibit executing a prisoner who cannot rationally understand the reasons for his execution, whether that inability is due to psychosis or dementia.

A case in which the Court held that the decision of a criminal defendant’s trial lawyer not to appeal a conviction because the defendant’s plea agreement included an appeal waiver triggers a “presumption of prejudice” indicating ineffective assistance of counsel.

A case in which the Court held that under the international organizations have the immunity that foreign governments enjoy at present, as described in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, not the immunity they enjoyed at the time the International Organizations Immunities Act of 1945 was enacted.

A case in which the Court resolved a circuit split by holding that the Ninth Circuit erred when it ruled that equitable exceptions apply to mandatory claim-processing rules such as Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f), which sets a 14-day deadline to file a petition for permission to appeal an order granting or denying class-action certification, and can excuse a party’s failure to file timely within the deadline established by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f).

A case in which the Court held that the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause is incorporated against the states under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause.

A case in which the Court held that a provision of the West Virginia Code that exempts from state taxation the retirement income of many state and local firefighters and law enforcement officers, but not federal marshals, violates 4 U.S.C. § 111 by discriminating “because of the source of the pay or compensation.”

A case in which the Court held that (1) a court, not an arbitrator, must determine the applicability of Section 1 of the Federal Arbitration Act, and (2) under that provision, the term “contracts of employment” includes independent contractor agreements.

A case in which the Court held that a state robbery offense that includes “as an element” the common law requirement of overcoming “victim resistance” is categorically a “violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(b)(i), even though that offense requires only slight force to overcome resistance.

A case in which the Court resolved a circuit split, holding that fees subject to 42 U.S.C. § 406(b)’s 25-percent cap related to the representation of individuals claiming Social Security benefits include only fees for representation in court, not fees for representation before the agency.

A case in which the Court held that the Federal Arbitration Act does not permit a court to resolve a question of arbitrability when the parties to the contract at issue delegated such questions to an arbitrator.