A couple miscellaneous topics to briefly review including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and analgesic nephropathy.

Review of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Review of renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer.

Comparing benign versus malignant cysts, and review of polycystic kidney disease.

Review of the causes of nephrolithiasis, stone composition, and management.

Brief comparison of renal artery stenosis and fibromuscular dysplasia.

A rapid review of the three main subtypes of renal tubular acidosis.

Review of the many causes of nephritic and nephrotic syndrome. We conclude with a review of the types of proteinuria.

Review of the definition of CKD, its complications, and their management.

Review of the causes and management of acute kidney injury including pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal azotemia.