Click to listen to episode (4:39) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-4-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 7, 2020.  This episode is a revised repeat of an episode from November 2011. SOUND – ~6 sec This week, we feature mystery sounds from a long-necked and white-feathered winter visitor to Virginia.  Have a listen for about 20 seconds and see if you can guess what’s making these calls.  And here’s a hint: the name might suggest gracefulness in a very cold place. SOUND – ~19 sec If you guessed Tundra Swans, you’re right!  You heard, first, individual Tundra Swan calls in a recording by Lang Elliott from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs; and second, a Tundra Swan flock, in a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recording.  Formerly called Whistling Swans, this species gets its current name from the birds’ breeding range in the treeless, Arctic habitat known as tundra.  In the non-breeding winter season, Tundra Swans are found along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, with the Chesapeake Bay being a key area.  Between fall and early spring in the Bay region, large flocks inhabit lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries, and flooded fields.  They feed in shallow water on aquatic plants and animals, particularly clams.  They also feed on grains in agricultural fields.  In turn, their eggs and young are preyed upon by various mammals and birds.  And swans are sometimes victims of a behavior called kleptoparasitism, when swooping gulls steal a clam right out of a swan’s bill. The Tundra Swan is the most widespread of three swan species found in North America; the other two are the native Trumpeter Swan and the non-native Mute Swan.  The Trumpeter Swan, whose large historical wintering range included Virginia, was pushed to near extinction in the 1900s by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting for their feathers; the population is now expanding following conservation efforts.  The Mute Swan, originally from Europe and Asia, has become widely established in the United States, living year-round in parks and other human spaces but also in natural habitats, where its aggressive behavior can displace native species. Thanks to Lang Elliott and to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the Tundra Swan sounds.  We close with about 45 seconds of music composed for this episode by Torrin Hallett, a graduate student at Lamont School of Music in Denver.  Here’s “Tundra Swan Song.” MUSIC – ~ 44 sec – instrumental SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode revises and replaces Episode 90, 11-28-11. The sounds of individual Tundra Swan calls (opening sound and first set of featured “mystery sou

Click to listen to episode (5:05) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-27-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 30, 2020. MUSIC – ~12 sec – instrumental This week, that excerpt of “Drive the Cold Winter Away,” by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, Va., opens our annual episode on winter preparedness. In 2020, winter astronomically comes to Virginia on December 21 at 5:02 a.m.  That’s the Eastern Standard time of the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, when that hemisphere is at its maximum annual tilt away from the sun. To help you be prepared for winter’s cold temperatures, hazardous roads, power outages, and fire hazards, here are 10 tips from the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1. Avoid traveling in winter-storm conditions if you can. If you must travel, get road conditions from the Virginia 511 telephone system, Web site, or app.   And have an emergency kit for your vehicle, including jumper cables, water, non-perishable food, blankets, a flashlight, and other items. 2. Have battery-powered sources of lighting and information, particularly weather information, along with enough batteries to last through a power outage of several days.  Whenever possible, use flashlights and not candles during power outages.  If you do use candles, put them in safe holders away from anything combustible, and don’t leave a burning candle unattended. 3.  Make a family emergency plan that covers sheltering; evacuation from your area; escape from a home fire; emergency meeting places; communications; a supply of food, water, and medications; and other factors specific to your circumstances; and practice your plan twice a year. 4.  Get fireplaces, wood stoves, and chimneys inspected and cleaned. 5.  Install a smoke detector in every bedroom and on every floor level, test them monthly, and replace the batteries every six months. 6.  Install a carbon monoxide detector in your home and check or replace the battery every six months. 7.  If you use space heaters, make sure they will switch off automatically if the heater falls over; plug them into wall outlets, not extension cords; keep them at least three feet from combustible objects; don’t leave heaters unattended; and check for cracked or damaged wires or plugs.8.  Generators, camp stoves, and other devices that burn gasoline or charcoal should be used outdoors only. 9.  Learn how to shut off water valves in case a pipe bursts. And 10.  Be careful of overexertion during snow shoveling. More information on preparing for winter weather, fires, and other emergencies is available from the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, online at vaemergency.gov. Next time the forecast calls for snow, freezing rain, or other wintry weather, here’s hoping that you can stay warm, dry, and safe. Thanks to Timothy Seaman for permission to use “Drive the Cold Winter Away.”  We close with about 20 seconds of another winter-weather-appropriate song by a Virginia musician; here’s part of “Cold World,” by Blacksburg singer-songwriter Kat Mills. MUSIC – ~20 sec – Lyrics: “Now I got the wind blowin’ on me, makin’ my worl

 Click to listen to episode (4:38) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-20-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 23, 2020.  This week, we focus on a Virginia state-government effort to prepare for and adapt to sea-level rise and recurrent flooding in coastal areas.  We set the stage with some music by Bob Gramann, of Fredericksburg, Va. MUSIC – ~ 18 sec – Lyrics: “Half of a city awash in the tides; when I think of what happened, it tears my insides.  Oh, we could’ve been smarter, we could’ve have planned, but the world caught a fever, infected by man.” You’ve been listening to part of “Cypress Canoe,” from the 2019 album, “I Made It Just For You.”  The song imagines a time in Alexandria, Va., when there’d be so much water that one would need a canoe to get to places formerly on land.  The song’s a commentary on the current and potential impacts of sea-level rise on coastal communities, and in the part you heard, the story-teller bemoans a lack of planning to avoid or reduce those impacts. Planning ways to deal with sea-level rise, coastal flooding, and other impacts from climate change is what the Commonwealth of Virginia aims to do with its Coastal Resilience Master Plan.  In October 2020, Governor Ralph Northam announced an important step towards that plan: the Virginia Coastal Master Planning Framework.  According to an October 22 news release from the governor’s office, the 300+-page Framework is, quote, “a roadmap that puts the full strength of the Commonwealth into creating a comprehensive Coastal Resilience Master Plan that will protect communities, commerce, and the coastal environment,” unquote.  It includes details on the science of sea-level rise and other risks, the specific threats to Virginia, and the Commonwealth areas affected.  The coastal and Tidewater areas to be addressed in the plan cover 8950 square miles, or about one-fourth of Virginia’s land area, and over 10,000 miles of tidally influenced shoreline.  According to the Framework, over 70 percent of Virginia’s population lives in areas to be covered by the plan. The Framework identifies five guiding principles for developing the Master Plan: 1) acknowledging climate change and using the best-available science; 2) addressing socioeconomic inequities; 3) protecting and enhancing natural coastal barriers and other “green infrastructure”; 4) utilizing community and regional planning; and 5) focusing on the most cost-effective solutions for communities to protect their assets and adapt to changes. The Framework also identifies three next steps on the way toward having the full plan ready by late 2021.  Those include creating a technical advisory committee; involving the existing Coastal Zone Management Program in the planning process; and holding a series of community roundtables to inform citizens and get their input. Thanks to Bob Gramann for permission to use part of “Cypress Canoe.”  We close with part of another climate change-appropriate song by Virginia musicians.  Here’s about 20 seconds of “Rains Come,” by the Harrisonburg and Rockingham County, Va.-based band, The Steel Wheels. MUSIC – ~19 sec –Lyrics: “But no one ever told me it would be like this.&

Click to listen to episode (5:08) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-13-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 16, 2020. MUSIC – ~ 15 sec – instrumental That music is part of “Leviathan’s Play,” by Andrew and Noah VanNorstrand, from the 2004 album, “Driftage.”  Leviathan is a term used in the Old Testament and other writings for mythical sea monsters.  In modern times the term is still associated with large ocean animals, particularly whales.  This week, Virginia Water Radio explores sounds from the world of leviathans; that is, we present a sample of “Sounds in the Ocean” from the Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, known more simply as NOAA Fisheries.  You’ll hear sounds from eight ocean animals in three groups; after each group, I’ll identify the species and where they occur. We start with three whales, for about 30 seconds. SOUNDS  - ~31 sec Those were the Killer Whale or Orca, which occurs in all oceans, including waters off of Virginia; the North Atlantic Right Whale, found in Atlantic coastal waters including off of Virginia; and the Beluga Whale, which lives in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas. Next are two dolphins, for about 15 seconds. SOUNDS  - ~14 sec Those were the [Common] Bottlenose Dolphin, found in many marine habitats worldwide, and the Atlantic White-sided Dolphin, found in Atlantic coastal waters; both occur in Virginia waters. Last are three seals, for about 35 seconds. SOUNDS  - ~35 sec Those were the Harp Seal, the Harbor Seal, and the Bearded Seal.  The Harp Seal is found along the Arctic and North Atlantic coasts; the Harbor Seal occurs on the U.S. East and West coasts, including waters off of Virginia; and the fantastic-sounding Bearded Seal lives in the Arctic and other northern regions. Thanks to NOAA Fisheries for making these ocean sounds available.  Thanks also to Andrew and Noah VanNorstrand for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 25 more seconds of “Leviathan’s Play.” MUSIC – ~ 25 sec – instrumental SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Leviathan’s Play,” from the 2004 album “Driftage,” is copyright by Andrew and Noah VanNorstrand and Great Bear Records, used with permission.  More information about Andrew and Noah and their bands is available online at https://andrewandnoah.bandcamp.com/ and at https://www.greatbearmusic.com/. The ocean animal sounds were taken from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries, “Sounds in the Ocean,” online at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/science-data/sounds-ocean. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove t

 Click to listen to episode (4:50) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-6-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 9, 2020. SOUND – ~ 8 sec This Veterans Day week, the sound of a Bald Eagle opens an audio post card for veterans and for currently serving members of the U.S. Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marines, Navy, Space Force, and National Guard.  In gratitude for the hard, vital work they do, here’s a medley of water-related sounds—from a mountain stream to the James River to Chesapeake Bay waves, with some weather, birds, frogs, and human activities along the way.  That’s followed by music by the Nelson County- and Charlottesville, Va.-based band Chamomile and Whiskey; I’ve chosen their song “Nelson County” to stand in for wherever service members call home.  To any veterans or active service members listening, thank you and I hope you like this! SOUNDS  - ~78 sec 1 – Small stream on Brush Mountain in Blacksburg, Va., December 17, 2018. 2 – New Year’s morning wade-in at the New River in Giles County, Va., January 1, 2014. 3 - Special Olympics annual Polar Plunge® into the New River at Radford, Va., January 29, 2011. 4 – Ice-skaters on a pond in Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., January 14, 2018. 5 - Red-winged Blackbird in Blacksburg, Va., March 26, 2015. 6 - Fishing line in Blacksburg, Va., June 23, 2016. 7 – Gray Tree Frog, Green Frog, and Spring Peeper in a pond in Blacksburg, Va., May 23, 2013. 8 – Rain and thunder in Blacksburg, Va., July 31, 2012. 9 - James River falls in Richmond, Va., February 17, 2014. 10 – Kayak paddling on the Potomac River, July 11, 2010. 11 – Voices at people visiting Dismal Falls in Bland County, Va., August 20, 2011. 12 – Mallards at the Virginia Tech Duck Pond in Blacksburg, Va., December 10, 2015. 13 – Waves on the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Island, Maryland, June 22, 2010. MUSIC - ~43 sec From Virginia’s mountains to its coast, on Veterans Day and all year round we’re indebted to, and grateful for, all U.S. service members, past and present. Thanks to Lang Elliott for permission to use the Bald Eagle sounds, from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs.  Thanks also to Chamomile and Whiskey for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with the last 20 seconds of “Nelson County.” MUSIC - ~22 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bald Eagle sounds were from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott.  Lang Elliot’s work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/. Thanks to Michael Martz for recording the James River sound

Click to listen to episode (4:56) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 10-30-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 2, 2020.  This episode is a revised version of an episode from November 2012. MUSIC – ~10 sec – instrumental This U.S. election week, we feature famous music and a history mystery.  Have a listen for about 40 seconds, and see if you know how this song connects to eight historic Virginians who all had important career connections to water. MUSIC  - ~41 sec - instrumental If you guessed, the U.S. presidency, you’re right!  You’ve been listening to “Hail to the Chief,” played by the U.S. Army Band.  Since 1815 this song has been used to announce and honor U.S. presidents.  Virginia is the birthplace of eight presidents, and water-based events and issues influenced the life and legacy of each, as the following examples show. Prior to becoming the first president, George Washington recognized the importance of naval strategy in the Revolutionary War and led battles and movements involving various rivers, including the Hudson, Delaware, and York. Third president Thomas Jefferson faced maritime challenges by Great Britain, France, and pirates. Fourth president James Madison led the United States into the War of 1812 with Britain in part over obstruction of shipping and capture of sailors. Fifth president James Monroe stretched the country’s sphere of influence from the Atlantic to the Pacific by declaring in 1823 that the United States would not tolerate further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere. Ninth president William Henry Harrison’s 1840 presidential campaign slogan, “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too,” was based on his military operations in 1811 against the Shawnees on the Tippecanoe River in Indiana Territory. Tenth president John Tyler’s administration negotiated the 1842 Webster-Ashburton treaty with Britain, which established the international border through the Great Lakes, provided for open navigation in that area, and called for joint efforts by the two countries to suppress slave trading along the coast of Africa. Twelfth president Zachary Taylor’s administration negotiated the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer treaty with Britain, which guaranteed access for both countries to any future canal across Central America between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. And twenty-eighth president Woodrow Wilson led the nation into World War I in large part over attacks in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarines on U.S. ships. Water was an important part of the life story of these Virginia-born presidents.  Time will tell how that may also be true for the person steering the U.S. ship of state come January 20, 2021. Thanks to the U.S. Army Band for making this week’s music available for public use, and we close with one more flourish from “Hail to the Chief.” MUSIC  - ~ 3 sec – instrumental SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to ope

 Click to listen to episode (4:19) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Image Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 10-23-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of October 26, 2020. MUSIC – ~8 sec – instrumental This week, we celebrate Halloween with original music and with some water-related passages from fiction and non-fiction chosen for the haunting holiday.  Have a listen to the music for about 30 more seconds. MUSIC  - ~31 sec – instrumental You’ve been listening to part of “A Little Fright Music,” composed for Virginia Water Radio by Torrin Hallett, a graduate student at Lamont School of Music in Denver.  The music sets the stage for hearing five passages that invoke water as scary, supernatural, mysterious, or simply imaginative.  All are excerpted from quotations published on the Web site GoodReads.com. From Stirring the Mud: On Swamps, Bogs, and Human Imagination, by Barbara Hurd: “Swamps and bogs are places of transition and wild growth, breeding grounds, experimental labs where organisms and ideas have the luxury of being out of the spotlight, where the imagination can mutate and mate, send tendrils into and out of the water.” From Lifemaker, by Dean F. Wilson: “Something pressed against the window, nudging the submarine.  Its hide was almost as dark as the waters around it, but its scales glistened from the light inside the room.  Jacob badly wanted to douse the oil lamp, to hide inside a different darkness, but he had a feeling that any change inside the room, any step, any dimming of a light, any sound, might be like a beacon to the beast outside.” From The Mere Wife, by Maria Dahvana Headley: “It's water from beneath the mountain, and it’s full of the taste of bones and rocks. She's bought five cases of bottled to keep from having to serve this, even in ice-cube format. There's something awful about it. It feels full of ghosts.”  From Into the Drowning Deep, by Mira Grant: “What you have to understand about the mermaid legend is that it's universal.  No matter where you go, the mermaids got there first.  Even inland, if there's a big enough lake, I guarantee you there's a local community with a story about women in the water with beautiful voices who lure men to their deaths.” And finally, from The Tempest, by William Shakespeare: “Full fathom five thy father lies; Of his bones are coral made; Those are pearls that were his eyes: Nothing of him that doth fade, But doth suffer a sea-change Into something rich and strange.” Thanks to Torrin Hallett for this week’s music, and we close with the final few seconds of “A Little Fright Music.”  Happy Halloween! MUSIC  - ~11 sec – instrumental SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “A Little Fright Music” is copyright 2020 by Torrin Hallett, used with

 Click to listen to episode (4:46) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 10-16-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of October 19, 2020. MUSIC – ~ 11 sec – instrumental This week, music by a Richmond, Va.-based band opens an episode on water expressions in language.  Have a listen for about 50 more seconds. MUSIC  - ~49 sec Lyrics: “Effortless, she showers down Down from every single cloud Like the rain, she likes to soak When you don't have it, nothing grows When the last word on love falls upon the ground If the last ray of sun don't ever shine Well, I can't say that I was ever ready But I can sure say it was time That I let love rain down Yeah, I let love rain down....” You’ve been listening to part of “Love Rain Down,” by Carbon Leaf, from the 2013 album “Constellation Prize.”  Since forming in the early 1990s at Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Va., Carbon Leaf has produced 20 albums and done thousands of live shows with music that, according to the band’s Web site, “drifts in and out of Americana, bluegrass, rock, folk, Celtic, and pop traditions with ease, using an arsenal of instruments.”  As in the selection you heard, the band has used water words and images in a number of its songs.  That made a Carbon Leaf song just right to launch a cruise through some water-related expressions. We start with some water-related proverbs, that is, common sayings or adages, from a list compiled by Utah State Extension. When it rains it pours; Still waters run deep; Don’t change horses in mid-stream; and With too many rowers, the ship will crash into the mountain. Next, also from the Utah State list, here are a few water metaphors, that is, expressions where a word or phrase is used for another to suggest something similar or comparable. When your ship comes in; Tip of the iceberg; Feeling swamped; Get your feet wet; and Something smells fishy. Last, from students at Otley All Saints Primary School in England, here are several water similes, that is, expressions comparing things using the words “like” or “as.” The river is like a silver ribbon, laid across the land. The rapids crash from side to side like a lion trying to get out of its cage. The rapids zoom like footballers trying to score goals. And The waterfall is like a diver, reaching for the waters that await it. This is, of course, only a drop in the bucket of water-related expressions, because humans’ language creativity is a deep well that never runs dry. Thanks to Carbon Leaf for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 20 more seconds of their “Love Rain Down.” MUSIC  - ~17 sec Lyrics: “That I let love rain down.” SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Love Rain Down,” from the 2013 album “Constellation Prize,” is copyright by Carb

 Click to listen to episode (5:12) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 10-9-20. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of October 12, 2020. MUSIC – ~ 21 sec – “I’m sitting alone, on the banks of New River; sitting alone, while the water rolls by.”  That’s part of “Banks of New River,” by Whitetop Mountain Band from Grayson County, Va., on the 2008 album, “Bull Plus 10%.”  While the riverside in that song is the setting for a broken-hearted lover’s lament, a river is also a great setting for thinking about water-related conditions.  How might the person in the song characterize the water quantity conditions of her river?  Have a listen for about 15 seconds to some thunderstorm and river flow sounds and see if you can guess four kinds of information she’d want to know. SOUNDS - ~14 sec  If you guessed any of the following, you’re right: precipitation; streamflow, including flooding status; groundwater; and drought conditions.  One need not be on a river bank to find lots of information about these: many organizations and tools are accessible online and in mobile apps to provide data on water resource quantity.  This Water Radio episode introduces some key providers of such information; Web-site links to the providers are in the online episode notes. Precipitation data are available from the National Weather Service, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA.  In Virginia, data are provided by Forecast Offices in Blacksburg, Sterling, and Wakefield, as well as the Morristown, Tennessee, office serving part of southwestern Virginia.  NOAA also coordinates six regional climate centers that provide precipitation data; Virginia is in the Southeast Region.  Outside of NOAA, volunteers in the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network provide precipitation observations.  And NASA operates the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission using satellites to measure precipitation worldwide.      A primary source for data on stream flow and groundwater is the National Water Information System from the U.S. Geological Survey.  Users of the System’s online site can search by state for current and historical surface water and groundwater information. A nationwide map of flooding status is provided online by the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service, part of the Weather Service.  The frequently updated map shows river gage locations color-coded for current and predicted flood levels.  Finally, a widely used source for drought information is the U.S. National Drought Monitor, produced by the University of Nebraska at Lincoln.  The Monitor’s maps show the percentage of each state falling within different levels of drought.  Additionally, in Virginia, the Department of Environmental Quality coordinates drought monitoring and response. Much of the data gathered by these organizations are recorded remotely by instruments.  But mobile devices and other technology are increasing the onsite data-gathering role of volunteer citizen observers, including those on the banks of many rivers—without, we hope, a broken heart. Thanks to Whitetop Mountain Band for permission to use “Banks of New River,” and we close with anot

Click to listen to episode (4:04) Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 10-2-20. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of October 5, 2020.  With Major League Baseball in the midst of its playoffs for a coronavirus-affected season, we revisit a baseball-related episode from October 2015. VOICE – ~ 5 seconds – “Hi, this is Yogi Berra.  When you come to the fork in the road, take it.”Yogi Berra, the great New York Yankees catcher who died in September 2015, is legendary for his baseball accomplishments, his honesty and integrity, and—not least—his odd but insightful sayings known as Yogi-isms.  He’s not known for any water connections, but, nevertheless, the Yogi-ism you heard—“When you come to the fork in the road, take it.”—does say something about waterways.  Sound far-fetched?  Even, shall we say, out in left field?  Well, just have a listen for about 20 seconds to this line-up of forks in Virginia’s water geography. VOICES  - ~21 sec – “Clear Fork, Dry Fork, Forks of Buffalo, Forks of Water, Bassett Forks, Levisa Fork, Russell Fork, Tug Fork, North Fork Shenandoah River, South Fork Roanoke River, Middle Fork Holston River, Left Fork Coal Creek.” Waterway forks, or the tributaries of larger waterways, are part of the system of branches that collect and channel water moving across a landscape and within a watershed.  The smallest forks—like Left Fork Coal Creek—are headwater streams that, despite their size, have important physical, chemical, and biological roles within a watershed.  The largest forks—like the North and South forks of the Shenandoah River—can be well-known, defining features of a watershed and its region.  While many land settlements have “fork” in their name because roads meet there, sometimes those roads and the settlements they serve originated with forking waterways.  For example, English explorers of the James River in the 1600s came upon the Rivanna River confluence and named the location Point of Forks; today the area is the Fluvanna County town of Columbia.  On a larger scale, during the 1700s much of the Ohio River Valley was Virginia territory, and the location known as the Forks of the Ohio was a focal point for Ohio Valley travel and industry; today that location is Pittsburgh. Thanks to several friends in Blacksburg for lending their voices to this episode, and a special thanks to the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame for permission to use the recording of Yogi Berra, from their 2009 video tribute upon Mr. Berra’s induction.  Thanks finally to Yogi Berra for his remarkable influence he had on American sports, culture, and language, relevant even to waterways. SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode is a revised repeat of Episode 284, 10-5-15.  The recording of Yogi Berra was from a video produced by the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame on the occasion of Mr. Berra’s induction in 2009.  Thanks to Ron Jacober, historical consultant, and Greg Maracek, president, for granting permission to use an excerpt of the video, which is available online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cDabcSfIZA.  For more info