Click to listen to episode (4:33). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.). Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-4-19. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 7, 2019. This week is our annual preview of the Virginia General Assembly, which convenes this year on January 9.  To start, imagine being on Jamestown Island in the mid-summer of 1619.  Which of the following mystery sounds do you think you would have heard, and which one would you probably not have heard? SOUNDS - ~30 sec On a hot summer day at Jamestown in 1619, you certainly could have heard waves lapping, Bald Eagles, frogs, mosquitoes, and other insects.  You probably would not have heard a Virginia-accented voice calling a subcommittee meeting to order.  But what was said and done at Jamestown 400 years ago this summer began the tradition that led to the voice you just heard, that of Virginia Delegate Terry Edmunds during a January 2018 subcommittee meeting in the Virginia General Assembly.  The annual Assembly turns 400 this year, having its origin in the first gathering of the Virginia House of Burgesses at Jamestown on July 30, 1619. Each year on the second Wednesday in January, the General Assembly—consisting of 100 members of the House of Delegates and 40 members of the State Senate—convenes in Richmond.  During a session ranging from one to two months, the Assembly considers the state budget and two-to-three thousand bills and resolutions.  Typically 150 to 200 of those bills and resolutions relate to water resources, either directly through impacts on aquatic environments, fisheries, water supplies, or other water uses, or indirectly through impacts on energy and land uses that, in turn, affect water.  Committee and subcommittee meetings, floor sessions, lobbying activities, and citizen engagement are all part of the fast-moving and consequential Virginia legislative process.  You can join in by following the Assembly’s work and by communicating with your local delegate or senator about issues of concern. Tools to help you do so are available online at virginiageneralassembly.gov. Thanks to Lang Elliott for the Bald Eagle sound, from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs.  We close with some music believed to have originated in the 1500s, so perhaps it was part of the sounds at Jamestown in 1619.  Here are few seconds of “Greensleeves,” performed by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg. MUSIC - ~ 26 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.   For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bald Eagle sound was taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/. The other sounds were recorded by Virginia Water Radio, as follows: waves – Chesapeake Bay at Kent Island, Md., June 22, 2010; frogs (Green Frog) – Heritage Park, Blacksburg, Va., August 1, 2016; mosquito – Pandapas Pond, Montgomery County, Va., August 8, 2017; voice – Delegate Terry Edmunds (R-60th House District) of Halifax, Va., chairing the January 31, 2018, meeting of Subcommittee 2 of the Virginia House

Click to listen to episode (3:57). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Photo Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.). Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-28-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for New Year’s week 2019. MUSIC – ~15 sec This week, music by Virginia high school students introduces a second annual year-opening look at how water is part of ringing in the New Year.  Have a listen for about 35 more seconds. MUSIC - ~37 sec You’ve been listening to part of “Renewal,” written and performed in spring 2017 by students at World Community Education Center in Bedford, Va., who were accompanied by members of the Blacksburg, Va.-based group Sweet Chalybeate.  In January 2017, Virginia Water Radio first explored how water is used as part of New Year renewals and celebrations.  As 2019 dawns, let’s count some more ways. Shoreline restaurants and resorts from Florida to New England offer water-enhanced dining, dancing, fireworks, and games.  City-based business organizations, like Norfolk, Va.’s, Waterside District, host community celebrations.  The Potomac Riverboat Company embarks from the Alexandria, Va., city marina for cruises to view fireworks and Washington, D.C., monuments.  In a water-related alternative to dropping a ball to mark midnight, the Lake Eire town of Port Clinton, Ohio, marks the countdown by dropping a giant Walleye model.  Brazilians traditionally offer flowers to a goddess of the sea, or jump over seven waves for good luck while making wishes for the New Year.  And in Germany, the shapes created by dropping molten lead into water are believed to give a hint of one’s future. Here’s hoping that your 2019 shapes up to be full of realized hopes and possibilities, sustained by plenty of good water. Thanks to the students at World Community Education Center and to Sweet Chalybeate for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Renewal.” MUSIC - ~15 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Renewal,” copyright 2017, was written and performed [in spring 2017] by high school students at World Community Education Center, an independent K-12 school in Bedford, Va., with instrumentals by Anne Elise Thomas and Dan Dunlap; used with permission.  More information about the school is available online at http://worldcommunityedu.org/.  More information about the group Sweet Chalybeate, which includes Anne Elise and Dan, is available online at http://www.sweetchalybeate.com/.  This music was featured was also used in Episode 435, 8-27-18. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.   More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com. PHOTO It’s not a Walleye, and it’s not dropping to mark midnight on New Year’s Eve as happens in Port Clinton, Ohio, but “Big Mouth Billy Bass” was a winter holiday feature at the Swinging Bridge Restaurant in Paint Bank, Va. (Craig County) on December 22, 2018. SOURCES Used for Audio 123NewYear.com, “New Year Traditions Around the World,” online at http://www.123newyear.com/new

Click to listen to episode (5:46). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-21-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 24, 2018. This week, we look back on 2018 with a medley of mystery sounds.  Have a listen for about 80 seconds, and see if you can identify these sounds from the past year of Virginia Water Radio. SOUNDS - ~82 sec If you guessed all these, you’re an H20 super-hero!  The sounds were [the following:] ice skaters; Virginia Tech graduate student Brynn O’Donnell discussing buried urban streams; spring rain; a Spring Peeper: a Killdeer; an American Toad: Virginia high school students stating water issues of concern to them; a Marsh Wren; Virginia Tech freshwater mussel researcher Jess Jones during a mussel release into the Clinch River; Krista Hodges of the Dan River Basin Association talking to elementary school children about Trout in the Classroom; a Wood Duck; and a Common Loon. Thanks to Lang Elliott for the bird sounds, and to the various people mentioned for lending their voices to episodes this year. I hope that during the year you heard lots of water-related sounds, especially the sounds of clean, adequate water; healthy aquatic life; and safe water fun. We close out 2018 with a 90-second sample of music heard on Virginia Water Radio this year. Here are short excerpts of “The Barns,” by Bob Gramann; “Sandy Boys,” by Sara Grey; “Find Your Mountain,” by The Steel Wheels; “Prettiest Marsh,” by Teresa Whittaker; “Solitude,” by Bob Gramann; and “Renewal” by Sweet Chalybeate. Thanks to these musicians for permission to use these pieces.  And to 2018: so long, soon, and thanks for the water! MUSIC - ~87 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.   For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.   More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com. The sound of ice skaters was recorded on January 14, 2018, in Blacksburg; the sound was featured in Episode 404, 1-22-18. Comments by Virginia Tech graduate student Brynn O’Donnell on her research on ghost streams”—streams underneath urban pavement—were featured in Episode 409, 2-26-18. The spring rain sound was recorded on April 21, 2015, in Blacksburg, and the Spring Peeper was recorded March 13, 2010, in Blacksburg; these sounds were part of Episode 408, 2-19-18. The sounds of the Killdeer, Marsh Wren, Wood Duck, and Common Loon were taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/.  The sounds were used, respectively, in Episode 411, 3-12-18; 430, 7-23-18; 443, 10-22-18; and 445, 11-5-18. The voices of Virginia students calling out water-resources issues of concern were recorded on April 21, 2018, at Kids Tech University Graduate School, conducted by Virginia Tech’s Biocomplexity Institute; these students were featured in Episode 418, 4-30-18. Comments by Jess Jones, a fr

Click to listen to episode (4:47). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Photos Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-30-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 3, 2018. MUSIC – ~ 10 sec This week, that excerpt of “Hiking in the Highland Firs,” by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, Va., opens an episode on a tree structure that’s prominent during wintertime in temperate climate zones, like that of Virginia.  Have a listen for about 15 seconds to some of the weather that trees endure during a Virginia winter, and see if you can guess this structure.  And here’s a hint: if you don’t know this, you might ask a buddy. SOUNDS - ~15 sec - Wind in oak leaves If you guessed tree buds, you’re right!  Buds are one of woody plants’ adaptations for surviving winter’s cold temperatures, drying conditions, and damaging winds.  Buds contain meristematic tissue, the tissue that will be future growing stems or flowers.  Sometimes woody plant buds include only the meristematic tissue, but more typically that tissue is covered by small, folded leaves and modified leaf structures called bud scales.  Just like a tree’s leaves, buds have distinctive shapes and colors, allowing tree identification when leaves are gone. Flowering trees form both vegetative and flower buds.  The vegetative buds can be at the end of twigs or along the length of twigs in the axils where leaves attach. Flower buds may look very different from vegetative buds, for example, as in the Flowering Dogwood.  Various other kinds of buds can occur, as well.  Non-flowering trees—that is, conifers, the cone-bearing trees, such as pines, spruces, and firs—also have vegetative buds that can develop into stems or into cones. In temperate climates, buds typically form at some point during the growing season and then become dormant—that is, stop actively growing—during the winter.  In spring, in response to hormones and environmental conditions, bud dormancy ends as the buds open and the enclosed tissues begin developing and growing.  But there’s much variation among species, and even among individuals within a species, in patterns and timing of bud formation, dormancy, and activity. Now, what makes woody plant buds particularly a water story?  Here are three answers to that question.  First, the availability of water during bud formation in one year can affect how much tissue is stored in the bud for growth and development the following spring.  Second, the meristematic tissue in a bud is protected from drying out by the covering bud scales and undeveloped leaves.  And third, while buds don’t protect plant cells from freezing, their role in preventing dehydration contributes to the plant’s ability to withstand injury from freezing temperatures. As winter covers Virginia, some of the history—and water—of last summer, along with the future of next spring are already folded into the buds of the Commonwealth’s trees. Thanks to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 20 more seconds of “Hiking in the Highland Firs.” MUSIC – ~ 22 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.   For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.   In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Hiking in the Highland Firs,” from the 2001 alb

Click to listen to episode (4:08). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Image Extra Facts about the Nervous System Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-7-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 10, 2018. MUSIC – ~ 11 sec This week, in a revised version of a December 2011 episode, that music sets the stage for describing some biochemical and electro-chemical aspects of the water-based environment inside of us.  Have a listen for about 45 more seconds. MUSIC – ~47 sec You’ve been listening to part of “Pack of Neurons,” by Bob Gramann of Fredericksburg, Va., on his 2008 album, “Mostly Live.”  According to Mr. Gramann, the title “Pack of Neurons” was inspired by the use of that phrase in The Astonishing Hypothesis, a 1994 book by Francis Crick on human consciousness.   Dr. Crick shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins for their discoveries of the structure of the DNA molecule. Mr. Gramann’s song is a light-hearted look at the fundamental role of neurons, or nerve cells, in transmitting the electrical impulses that control humans’ mental and physical processes.  Those nerve impulses are transmitted along neurons by changes in the concentration of electrically-charged atoms of sodium and potassium. Water is vital as the solvent for those charged atoms, known as ions.  And not just in neurons, but in all biological cells, a water-based solution is the medium in which biochemical substances exist and react. In words from 1970 by famous chemist Linus Pauling,  “One of the most striking properties of water is its ability to dissolve many substances,” and “solutions are very important kinds of matter—important for industry and for life.” Thanks to Bob Gramann for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 15 more seconds of “Pack of Neurons.” MUSIC – ~ 15 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode revises and replaces Episode 93, 12-19-11. “Pack of Neurons,” from the 2008 album “Mostly Live,” is copyright by Bob Gramann, used with permission.  Bob Gramann’s Web site is http://www.bobgramann.com/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com. IMAGE Diagram of a neuron. Image from the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, “SEER Training Modules: Introduction to the Nervous System—Nerve Tissue,” online at https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/. EXTRA FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM The following information is quoted from National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, “SEER Training Modules: Review: Introduction to the Nervous System,” online at https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/review.html, as of 12/7/18. *The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. *The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions

Click to listen to episode (4:29). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Image Extra Facts about the Nervous System Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-14-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 17, 2018. SOUND – ~6 sec This week, that sound of a Red-winged Blackbird and other birds in a wetland in Blacksburg, Virginia, opens an episode about the legal status of wetlands and other kinds of waters under the federal Clean Water Act.  We’re revisiting a June 2015 episode on that topic, because a proposed change in relevant federal regulations was announced just last week. First passed in 1972, the Clean Water Act’s main goal is “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.”  The Act states that it applies to “navigable waters,” defined as “waters of the United States, including the territorial seas,” and Section 404 includes wetlands in the waters where fill activities are to be regulated. All waters covered by the Act are known as “jurisdictional waters,” and any polluting activities in such waters require a federal permit.  In 1986, the Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, published regulations that applied the Act to several kinds of non-navigable waters—including tributaries and wetlands—that may affect traditional navigable waterways.  Many questions and legal challenges were raised over implementation of that definition and later regulations, and U.S. Supreme Court rulings in 2001 and 2006 generated more questions and issues of implementation. In 2015, the Corps and the EPA under the Obama Administration published a new regulation with a revised definition of the waters of the United States.  Several states and interest groups challenged that regulation in court, claiming it went beyond what Congress authorized in the Clean Water Act.  As of early December 2018, that regulation was in effect in only 22 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. Territories, while under preliminary court injunctions in the other 28 states [according to the background information included in the 2018 rule proposed by the Trump administration]. On December 11, 2018, the Corps and the EPA under the Trump Administration announced a proposed new regulation to revise again the definition of waters of the United States.  Essentially, the new proposal would add restrictions to the types of wetlands and other non-navigable waters covered by the Act, while aiming to make it easier for landowners to determine whether their property contains a jurisdictional water or not. As was true with the 2015 regulation, one can reasonably expect that the 2018 proposal will generate more chapters of interpretation, discussion, disagreement, and litigation in the story of the waters of the United States. We close with some music about rainfall, because rain is an obvious driver of where and when the landscape has water that may, or may not, be covered by the Clean Water Act.  Here’s about 20 seconds from “Driving Rain,” by the Nelson County, Va.-based group Chamomile and Whiskey. Music - ~ 21 seconds SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode u

Click to listen to episode (5:04). Sections below are the following: Transcript of Audio Audio Notes and Acknowledgments Images Extra Information Sources Related Water Radio Episodes For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.). Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-23-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 26, 2018. SOUND – ~ 6 sec This week, the sound of sleet falling in Blacksburg, Va., in February 2018, opens our annual episode on winter preparedness. We start with some music about children being prepared for the wet and cold of winter.  Here’s about 45 seconds of “New Boots,” by John McCutcheon, from the 1996 album “Four Seasons: Wintersongs,” on Rounder Records. MUSIC – ~ 47 sec In 2018, winter comes to Virginia on December 21 at 5:23 p.m.  That’s the Eastern Standard time of the Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, when that hemisphere is at its maximum annual tilt away from the sun. To help you be prepared for winter’s cold temperatures, hazardous roads, power outages, and fire hazards, here are some tips from the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Avoid traveling in winter-storm conditions if you can. If you must travel, get road conditions from the Virginia 511 telephone system, Web site, or mobile app. *Have an emergency kit for your vehicle, including jumper cables, water, non-perishable food, blankets, a flashlight, and other items. *Have a battery-powered or hand-cranked radio, especially one with a NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] Weather Radio band. *Get fireplaces, wood stoves, and chimneys inspected and cleaned. *Install a smoke detector in every bedroom and on every floor level, test them monthly, and replace the batteries every six months. *Install a carbon monoxide detector in your home and check or replace the battery twice a year. *If you use space heaters, plug them into wall outlets, not into extension cords; keep heaters at least three feet from other objects; don’t leave heaters unattended; and check for cracked or damaged wires or plugs. *Generators, camp stoves, and charcoal-burning devices should be used outdoors only. *Use flashlights, not candles, during power outages. *Learn how to shut off water valves in case a pipe bursts. *Be careful of overexertion during snow shoveling. *And make a family emergency plan that includes a meeting place if your family can’t return home; an out-of-town emergency contact; and at least a three-day emergency supply of food, water, and medications. More information on preparing for severe winter weather, fires, and other emergencies is available online at the “Prepare and Recover” link of vaemergency.gov.  Next time you hear real sleet or other winter-weather sounds, here’s hoping that you can stay warm, dry, and safe. Thanks to John McCutcheon for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “New Boots.” MUSIC – ~ 17 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “New Boots,” from the 1996 album “Four Seasons: Wintersongs,” is copyright by John McCutcheon/Appalsongs and Si Kahn/Joe Hill Music, used with permission of Appalseed Productions.  More information about John McCutcheon is available from his Web site, http://www.folkmusic.com/.  Thanks to Mark

Click to listen to episode (3:50). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-16-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 19, 2018. MUSIC – ~12 sec That’s an excerpt of “Shenandoah,” played by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, accompanied by Paulette Murphy.   As we approach Thanksgiving—a holiday that, for many people, means traveling home to connections and memories—“Shenandoah” sets the stage for learning about a type of historic structure for traveling over water, including over a fork of the Shenandoah River.  Have a listen for about 20 seconds to some guest voices and some mystery sounds, and see if you can guess that type of structure.  And here’s a hint: with a little thought, you’ll have this mystery covered. SOUNDS and VOICES - ~18 sec If you guessed covered bridges, you’re right!  You heard the names of three of the four publicly owned covered bridges in Virginia, along with the sounds of streams flowing under them: Sinking Creek Bridge, over Sinking Creek in Giles County; Jacks Creek Bridge, over the Smith River in Patrick County; and Humpback Bridge, over Dunlap Creek in Alleghany County.   The fourth public covered bridge still existing in the Commonwealth is Meems Bottom Bridge, over the North Fork Shenandoah River in Shenandoah County, the only Virginia covered bridge that’s still part of a public roadway. These four bridges, plus three privately owned ones, are the only remaining examples of the hundreds of covered bridges built in Virginia from about the 1820s to about the 1920s.  In their time, the coverings offered a practical way to help preserve bridges, and their builders exhibited remarkable design and construction skill.  Today, as noted by Claire Foster in a March 2018 article for Lynchburg Living, “These captivating structures are more than just wood and nails—they serve as a glimpse into our country’s history and culture.” Thanks to three Virginia Tech co-workers for lending their voices to this episode.  Thanks also to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Shenandoah.”  Happy Thanksgiving! MUSIC - ~ 21 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sounds heard in this episode were recorded as follows: Sinking Creek – near Newport in Giles County, Va., December 21, 2014; Smith River – near Woolwine in Patrick County, Va., January 15, 2017; Dunlap Creek – west of Covington in Alleghany County, Va., October 28, 2018. The guest voices were recorded at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg on November 16, 2018.  Thanks to Michael Calfee, Susan Hypes, and Kevin McGuire for participating in this episode. The “Shenandoah” excerpt, performed by Timothy Seaman and Paulette Murphy, was from the track “Hazel River” on the 1997 album “Here on this Ridge,” copyright Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission.  This music was featured in Virginia Water Radio Episode 130 (10/1/12).  More information about Timothy Seaman is available online at http://www.timothyseaman.com/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.   More information about Mr. Scales

Click to listen to episode (3:50). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-16-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 19, 2018. MUSIC – ~12 sec That’s an excerpt of “Shenandoah,” played by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, accompanied by Paulette Murphy.   As we approach Thanksgiving—a holiday that, for many people, means traveling home to connections and memories—“Shenandoah” sets the stage for learning about a type of historic structure for traveling over water, including over a fork of the Shenandoah River.  Have a listen for about 20 seconds to some guest voices and some mystery sounds, and see if you can guess that type of structure.  And here’s a hint: with a little thought, you’ll have this mystery covered. SOUNDS and VOICES - ~18 sec If you guessed covered bridges, you’re right!  You heard the names of three of the four publicly owned covered bridges in Virginia, along with the sounds of streams flowing under them: Sinking Creek Bridge, over Sinking Creek in Giles County; Jacks Creek Bridge, over the Smith River in Patrick County; and Humpback Bridge, over Dunlap Creek in Alleghany County.   The fourth public covered bridge still existing in the Commonwealth is Meems Bottom Bridge, over the North Fork Shenandoah River in Shenandoah County, the only Virginia covered bridge that’s still part of a public roadway. These four bridges, plus three privately owned ones, are the only remaining examples of the hundreds of covered bridges built in Virginia from about the 1820s to about the 1920s.  In their time, the coverings offered a practical way to help preserve bridges, and their builders exhibited remarkable design and construction skill.  Today, as noted by Claire Foster in a March 2018 article for Lynchburg Living, “These captivating structures are more than just wood and nails—they serve as a glimpse into our country’s history and culture.” Thanks to three Virginia Tech co-workers for lending their voices to this episode.  Thanks also to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Shenandoah.”  Happy Thanksgiving! MUSIC - ~ 21 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sounds heard in this episode were recorded as follows: Sinking Creek – near Newport in Giles County, Va., December 21, 2014; Smith River – near Woolwine in Patrick County, Va., January 15, 2017; Dunlap Creek – west of Covington in Alleghany County, Va., October 28, 2018. The guest voices were recorded at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg on November 16, 2018. The “Shenandoah” excerpt, performed by Timothy Seaman and Paulette Murphy, was from the track “Hazel River” on the 1997 album “Here on this Ridge,” copyright Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission.  This music was featured in Virginia Water Radio Episode 130 (10/1/12).  More information about Timothy Seaman is available online at http://www.timothyseaman.com/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.   More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandard

Click to listen to episode (4:35). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. Except as otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-9-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 12, 2018. This week, in the latest of a series of annual episodes in honor of Veterans Day on November 11, we focus on the U.S. Marine Corps.  We start with audio excerpts from two Marine Corps videos: the first, from opening ceremonies for Marine Week in Detroit, Michigan, in September 2017; and the second, from an April 2012 interview in Quantico, Va., with Rosemary Woitowicz, whose son William was a Marine sergeant killed in Afghanistan in June 2011. VOICES - ~50 sec – 1) excerpt from opening ceremony of Marine Week in Detroit, Michigan, September 6, 2017; 2) excerpt from an interview on April 28, 2012, with Rosemary Woitowicz, the mother of Sgt. William J. Woitowicz, during a ceremony in Quantico, Va., posthumously honoring Sgt. Woitowicz, who was killed in Afghanistan on June 7, 2011. The Marine Corps began on November 10, 1775, formed by a resolution of the Second Continental Congress.  That Revolutionary War resolution called for raising two battalions of marines to accompany the first ships of the colonies’ navy, which the Continental Congress had established only a month earlier.  After the Revolutionary War, the new United States formally reestablished the U.S. Marine Corps in 1798. Today over 180,000 active-duty Marines along with Reservists perform roles on land, in the air, and on the seas, ranging from combat to embassy security to humanitarian missions and disaster relief.  Marine facilities in Virginia include the Joint Marine and Army Base Myer-Henderson in Arlington; Marine Corps Base Quantico along the Potomac River and Quantico Creek in Prince William County; and the Marine Corps Air Facility at Quantico. Thanks to Marine Corps veterans and current personnel everywhere for their service and sacrifices, past, present, and future.  We close with about 30 seconds of music, first from “The Marines Hymn,” and second from “Semper Fidelis,” the official march of the Marines, composed by John Phillip Sousa in 1888; both are played here by the U.S. Marine Band. MUSIC - ~ 33 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The opening comments were excerpted from the following two videos available through the Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System—Marines, online at https://www.dvidshub.net/unit/DMA-M: *“Marine Week Opening Ceremony—Detroit,” September 6, 2017 (32 min./29 sec.), online at https://www.dvidshub.net/video/548611/marine-week-opening-ceremony-detroit; and *“Silver Star—Sgt. William J. Woitowicz/Interview with mother Rosemary Woitowicz,” April 28, 2012, in Quantico, Va. (2 min./15 sec.), online at https://www.dvidshub.net/video/142843/silver-star-sgt-william-j-woitowicz-moms-interview. “The Marines Hymn,” by the U.S. Marine Band, was accessed online at https://www.marineband.marines.mil/About/Library-and-Archives/The-Marines-Hymn/, 11/7/18. “Semper Fidelis,” by the U.S. Marine Band, was accessed online at https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/Semper-Fidelis-March/, 11/9/18. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove tha