Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:54). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-5-18.  TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 8, 2018. VOICES – ~7 sec - Call to order by Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate on opening day in 2017 This week, we drop in on the annual gathering where Virginians debate and decide upon state policies affecting water, other natural resources, and countless other aspects of life in our Commonwealth.  Have a listen for about 80 seconds, and see if you know what legislative body convenes its 400th annual session this year. VOICES - ~82 sec If you guessed the Virginia General Assembly, you’re right!  You heard excerpts of the opening-day floor sessions in 2017 of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Virginia Senate.  The 2018 General Assembly’s opening on January 10 marks the beginning of the 400th year of Virginia’s legislature, which started with a Jamestown meeting in 1619 of colonial legislators known as burgesses. The modern Assembly convenes every second Wednesday in January for either a 60-day scheduled session (in even years) or a 30-day scheduled session (in odd years).  During the long session in even years, the Assembly sets the state budget for the upcoming two years, subject to amendments the following year.  Every year, the Assembly considers two-to-three thousand bills and resolutions, and that agenda typically includes 100 to 200 water-related bills, on topics such as ports, scenic rivers, groundwater, stormwater, water supply, wastewater, and wetlands. The sessions move fast and the decisions can have widespread and important consequences.  You can be part of Virginia’s 400-year tradition of representative government by following the Assembly’s work and by communicating with your delegate or senator about issues of concern. Tools to help you do so are available online at virginiageneralassembly.gov. We close with a few seconds of music that might have entertained Virginia legislators centuries ago: “The Lass of Gowrie,” a traditional tune from the British Isles, performed here by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg. MUSIC – ~16 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The audio of the January 11, 2017, opening of the Virginia General Assembly houses was taken from the Assembly’s live session video stream archives, online at http://virginia-house.granicus.com/ViewPublisher.php?view_id=3 for the House of Delegates and online at http://virginia-senate.granicus.com/ViewPublisher.php?view_id=3 for the Senate. The version of “The Lass of Gowrie” heard in this episode is copyright Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, from the 1998 album “Celebration of Centuries: Acoustic Instrumental Music for Williamsburg, Jamestown, & Yorktown, Virginia,” used with permission.   More information about Mr. Seaman is available online at http://timothyseaman.com/en/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com. IMAGES Sunrise over downtown Richmond, Va., January 19, 2017. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Virginia House

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:57). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-19-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 22, 2018.   I’m joined this week by guest host Saalehah Habeebah, the spring 2018 intern at the Virginia Water Resources Research Center. SOUND – ~5 sec This week, those mystery sounds open an episode written especially for Virginia science students in upper elementary school and middle school, that is, about grades 4 to 8.  Have another listen to the sounds for about 15 seconds, and see if you can guess where the sounds were recorded.  And here’s a hint: the numbers 32, 0, and 273 are all connected to this answer. SOUND - ~15 sec If you guessed a frozen pond, you’re right!  You heard sounds from ice skaters on a pond in Blacksburg, Va., on January 14, 2018.  And if you knew that the freezing point of water is 32 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale, 0 on the Celsius scale, and 273 on the Kelvin scale, you’re a water-temperature expert!  Water temperature remaining below that freezing point, leading to ice cover on ponds and lakes, is a wintertime fact of life in northern states and Canada.  But even in Virginia, many water bodies typically ice-over during some part of the winter.  The ice remains over the water because ice is less dense than liquid water—the same property is involved when ice cubes float in a glass and when icebergs float in the ocean. Under an ice layer, aquatic organisms carry out various winter-survival strategies.  Burrowed in the bottom may be inactive fish, frogs, turtles, insects, worms, and the eggs of various animals, while certain kinds of fish and other animals continue to be active.  All of those creatures depend on there being enough oxygen dissolved in the ice-covered water.  In warm weather, the water in lakes and ponds can mix with the air above it and be replenished with oxygen; that can’t happen when ice covers the water.  Oxygen does get added to ice-covered water when algae or plants under the ice can get enough light to continue photosynthesis.  Sometimes, though, dissolved oxygen gets so low that a winterkill of fish takes place.  This typically happens in shallow water bodies, or under snow or thick ice that keeps out the light needed for photosynthesis. While skaters have fun on a slick frozen track – SOUND ~4 sec – use last clip in excerpts file, with ending stop – life goes on beneath the ice, where the biology of living things interacts with water’s chemical and physical properties. SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Virginia Water Radio episode updates and replaces Episode 144 (1-14-13). The sounds of ice skaters were recorded on a pond at Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., on January 14, 2018.  Thanks to skaters Jeff and Kaiden for participating in this episode. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.   More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com. PHOTOS Skating marks from ice skating on the pond in Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., where the skaters heard in this Virginia Water Radio episode were recorded, January 14, 2018. Ice on a stormwat

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:50). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-12-18. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 15, 2018. SOUND – ~5 sec This week, those sounds of ice recorded recently on Claytor Lake in Pulaski County, Va., open a freezing-water episode written for Virginia science students in early elementary school, that is, about kindergarten to third grade. You’re about to hear two kinds of mystery sounds.  When you do, see if you can answer this riddle: How are the two kinds of sounds the same, but also different? Here are the sounds. SOUNDS – ~9 sec If you guessed that both sounds were water being put into a glass, you’re right!  But the first sound was water as a liquid, while the second was ice, or water frozen into a solid. Now here are two more kinds of mystery sounds.  Try again to guess what they are. SOUNDS – ~7 sec That was the sound of liquid water flowing in a creek, followed by pieces of ice on the creek’s edge breaking off and splashing into the flowing water.  Just like a freezer can turn liquid household water into ice cubes, winter weather can often stay below 32 degrees Fahrenheit long enough to freeze some of the water on land or in a pond, creek, river, or even the ocean.  And there are many words for different kinds of ice in those places, like anchor ice, flake ice, needle ice, pancake ice, and sea ice. Let’s try one more pair of mystery sounds, this time about ice safety. SOUND – ~6 sec Any guesses about what you heard?   The first was small rocks bouncing on an ice-covered pond, but the second was that pond’s ice breaking and sinking.  That’s a reminder that thin ice can hold pebbles, but ice has to be solid and at least about four inches thick to hold people.   So never go out on ice-covered water alone and not unless a grown-up checks it first.  You can still have fun on the bank, seeing how far a pebble can bounce! SOUND – ~3 sec – Pebbles bouncing on ice-covered pond. We close with a freezing-water question for you to answer. All living things have water on their inside. How come the water inside animals that stay outside during winter usually doesn’t freeze? Good luck finding some answers, and here are three hints: coverings, caves, and natural chemicals inside cells. [Here are three possible answers, not included in the audio. 1) Animals that generate their own heat—birds and mammals—have fur, feathers, or other coverings to hold in heat (like people have clothes). 2) Many animals can move away from freezing temperature through long-range migration or by finding more protected areas—such as caves or going underground—to spend the winter. 3) The water-based cellular fluids inside many living things contain natural anti-freeze constituents that prevent ice damage to the fluids.  See the Sources section below to get more information on this topic.] SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.   Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This episode is an revised re-do of Episode 249, 1-19-15; that episode has been archived. The Claytor Lake ice sounds were recorded at the Sloan Creek inlet of Claytor Lake near Draper in Pulaski County, Va., on January 6, 2018. The stream ice sounds in this episode were recorded at Toms Creek in Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., on January 11, 2015. The sounds of peb

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:33). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-29-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 1, 2018. MUSIC - ~9 sec This week, we open 2018 with a Virginia band’s song that shows the versatility of water images in music, poetry, and human emotions.  Have a listen for about 50 seconds. MUSIC - ~49 sec You’ve been listening to part of “Driving Rain,” by the Nelson County- and Charlottesville-based band Chamomile and Whiskey, on the 2012 album “The Barn Sessions,” from County Wide records.  Water’s vast and vital connections to human affairs make it a versatile and powerful source of literary images, from the familiar reality of a rain-streaked window pane, to mythological siren-caused shipwrecks. With a new year dawning, water images and sayings can help us imagine what that year might bring: Smooth sailing or rough seas?  Easily navigable channels or uncharted passages?  Droughts or deluges of good news and human progress?  A year from now we’ll know what phrases fit 2018.  But we already know that water—literally and figuratively—will be part of the year’s story. Thanks to Chamomile and Whiskey for permission to use this week’s music, and for a great start to 2018, let’s hear another high-energy, instrumental excerpt from “Driving Rain.” MUSIC - ~15 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This episode is an updated re-do of Episode 194, 12-30-13; that episode has been archived. “Driving Rain” and “The Barn Sessions” are copyright by Chamomile and Whiskey and by County Wide Records, used with permission of Chamomile and Whiskey.  More information about Chamomile and Whiskey is available online at http://www.chamomileandwhiskey.com/, and information about Charlottesville-based County Wide records is available online at http://countywidemusic.worldsecuresystems.com/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com. PHOTO A metaphor for the passage of 2017 into 2018: Passage Creek in Warren County, Va., August 22, 2016. SOURCES USED FOR AUDIO AND OFFERING MORE INFORMATION U.S. Department of State/Doug Thompson, “ShareAmerica/Want to improve your English? Test the waters with these handy phrases,” March 23, 2016, online at https://share.america.gov/7-water-related-american-idioms/. The Free Dictionary by Farlex, “Idioms/Water,” online at https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/water. UK Essays, “Sea And Water Imagery English Literature Essay,” November 2013, online at https://www.ukessays.com/essays/english-literature/sea-and-water-imagery-english-literature-essay.php?cref=1. RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html). Other episodes for a coming New Year are the following: For 2013 – Episode 142, 12/31/12: Encore of John McCutcheon’s “Water from Another Time”; For 2014 – Episode 195, 1/6/14: Wading into the New Year, the New River, and Water Thermodynamics; For 2016 – Episode 296, 12/28/15: Setting a

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (5:05). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-22-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 25, 2017. This week, we look back on 2017 with a medley of mystery sounds.  Have a listen for about 75 seconds, and see if you can identify these sounds from the past year of Virginia Water Radio. SOUNDS - ~73 sec If you guessed all these, you’re the ace of aquatics in 2017!  The sounds were Fish Crows; the Eastern Spadefoot, a kind of amphibian; a drinking-water clinic by the Virginia Household Water Quality Program; hail; watershed terms called out by sixth-graders; mayfly names called out by high-schoolers; cloud types called out by adults; Tingler’s Mill in Paint Bank; a fire-hydrant during a pressure test; and boaters at midnight on the New River, accompanied by a Great Blue Heron call. Thanks to Lang Elliott for the Fish Crow sounds, and to Mr. Elliott and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for the Eastern Spadefoot sound. This week marks the 400th episode of Virginia Water Radio, completing its eighth year.  With luck and the continued assistance of many collaborators, we’ll continue to bring you sounds of water-related science, issues, events, organizations, and creatures. We close out 2017 with a 60-second sample of music heard on Virginia Water Radio this year.  Here are short excerpts of “Cold Frosty Morn’,” performed by New Standard; “Tropical Tantrum,” by Torrin Hallett; “Hail Improvisation,” by Simon Fass; and “See What I Have Done,” by Sweet Chalybeate. Thanks to these musicians for permission to use these pieces.  And to 2017: so long—soon—and thanks for the water! MUSIC – ~57 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.   In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com. The sound of the Fish Crow was taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/.  This sound was used in Episode 352, 1-23-17. The sound of the Eastern Spadefoot was taken from “The Calls of Virginia Frogs and Toads” CD, copyright 2008 by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and Lang Elliott/NatureSoundStudio, used with permission.  For more information on the CD, see https://www3.dgif.virginia.gov/estore/proddetail.asp?prod=VW252.  This sound was used in Episode 357, 2-27-17. The sounds of a Virginia Household Water Quality drinking-water clinic were recorded on March 20, 2017, at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg.  These sounds were used in Episode 361, 3-27-17. The sound of hail was recorded on March 18, 2017, in Blacksburg.  This sound was used in Episode 362, 4-3-17. The watershed terms were called out by sixth-grade students from Christiansburg Middle School in Christiansburg, Va., on April 12, 2017, during Stormwater Education Day.  These sounds were used in Episode 365, 4-24-17. The names of mayflies were recorded on

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:16). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-15-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 18, 2017. MUSIC – ~ 9 sec This week, we’re using that music and two mystery sounds to introduce a group of large mammals that migrate from time to time past Virginia’s coastline. Have a listen for about for about 45 seconds and see if you can guess the subject of the music, and what’s making the swishing sounds and strange call. And here’s a hint: take a deep breath, sing a song, and think big! MUSIC - ~ 27 sec SOUNDS - ~19 sec If you guessed whales, you’re right!  You heard part of of “Leviathan,” by John McCutcheon and Bob Read, on the 2001 album “Supper’s on the Table…Everybody Come In,” from Rounder Records.  The sounds you heard were, first, the spouting that occurs when resurfacing whales breathe through their blowhole, which is a nostril on top of their head; and second, a Humpback Whale song for breeding or other communication. This time of year—from December to about mid-March—sightings of migrating whales, such as Fin and Humpback whales, are a hoped-for prize of wildlife-watching cruises that run out of Virginia Beach.  At least 14 species of whales are known to occur in the waters off Virginia’s coast—some regularly during migrations, others only occasionally.  Another four to six species commonly called whales but actually categorized as dolphins—such as Killer Whales—have also been recorded from Virginia waters. Six of the whale species known from Virginia waters are on the federal Endangered Species List.  Collectively worldwide, whales face a number of dangers, including accidental ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, underwater noise, chemical pollution, marine debris, and the whaling that continues in a few countries. Thanks to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and to the National Park Service for making this week’s sounds available for public use.  Thanks also to Appalseed Productions for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Leviathan.” MUSIC - ~ 16 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This episode revises and updates Episode 92 (12-12-11); that episode has been archived. “Leviathan” from the 2001 album “Supper’s on the Table…Everybody Come In!” is copyright by John McCutcheon and Rounder Records, used with permission.   More information about John McCutcheon is available online at https://www.folkmusic.com/. The whale spouting sound was taken from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife National Digital Library, http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ (for sound clips specifically, see http://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/search/searchterm/%28mp3%29). The Humpback Whale sound was taken from a National Park Service recording (“Humpback Whales Song 2”) made available for public use on the “Community Audio” page of the Internet Archive Web site, at http://www.archive.org/details/HumpbackWhalesSongsSoundsVocalizations. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com. PHOTOS

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:09). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-8-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 11, 2017. MUSIC – ~9 sec That’s the tune of “Ducks on the Pond,” attributed to the late Henry Reed, a traditional musician who lived in Giles County, Va., and performed here by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg.  The music sets the stage for this week’s mystery sound from a familiar duck on Virginia’s wintertime ponds and other waters.  Have a listen for about 10 seconds and see if you can guess what’s making this descending series of quacks.  And here’s a hint: the color of money will help you wing this deal. SOUND - ~10 sec If you guessed a Green-winged Teal, you’re right!  The Green-winged Teal is one of two teal species found in Virginia—the other is the Blue-winged.  According to the Virginia Deparment of Game and Inland Fisheries, the Green-winged is a common coastal Virginia winter resident, and an occasional breeding-season resident, while the Blue-winged sometimes breeds along Virginia’s coast but is more commonly seen during migration.  Both these teal are found on ponds, lakes, wetlands, and estuaries, including the Chesapeake Bay. The names green-winged and blue-winged refer to the colored, iridescent feathers of the birds’ speculum, a rectangular area on their wings’ trailing edge, more noticeable when the birds are flying.  Of the Blue-winged Teal, John James Audubon in the 1800s wrote that “When flying in flocks in clear sunny weather, the blue of their wings glistens like polished steel.”  A distinctively-colored speculum is charactistic of the sub-family of waterfowl that includes teal along with Mallards, the Wood Duck, and several other familiar species.  Teal and related ducks are known as surface-feeders, or dabblers, because of their habit of tipping up their tail and stretching their necks underwater—but not diving—to feed on vegetation or small animals.  The Green-winged Teal is the smallest dabbler in North America, but what it lacks in size, it makes up for in motion.  Again quoting Audubon: “On land, the Green-wing moves with…ease and grace; it can run at a good rate, without entangling its webbed feet; on the water, also, it moves with great ease…[and]…[o]n wing it has no rivals among ducks.” Thanks to Lang Elliott for permission to use this week’s sounds, from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs.  Thanks also to Timothy Seaman for this week’s music, and we close with a few more seconds of “Ducks on the Pond.” MUSIC - ~12 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sounds of the Green-winged Teal were taken from the Stokes Field Guide to Bird Songs-Eastern Region CD set, by Lang Elliott with Donald and Lillian Stokes (Time Warner Audio Books, copyright 1997), used with permission of Lang Elliott, whose work is available online at the “Music of Nature” Web site, http://www.musicofnature.org/. The version of “Ducks on the Pond” heard in this episode is by Timothy Seaman, from the 2004 album “Virginia Wildlife,” on Pine Wind Records, used with permission; that album was done in collaboration with the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.  More information about Timothy Seaman is available online at http://timothyseaman.com/en/. “

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:48). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 12-1-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of December 4, 2017. MUSIC – ~8 sec This week, that excerpt from “Mountain Stream,” by Bob Gramann of Fredericksburg, accompanied by Laura Lengnick, opens our examination of the most upstream part of watersheds—the highest areas where water starts following a channel and flowing overland towards rivers.  Have a listen for about 10 seconds to two Virginia examples, and see if you can guess this watershed feature.  And here’s a hint: get this right and you’ll stream to the head of water class. SOUND - ~ 10 sec If you guessed headwater streams, you’re right!  Headwater streams are the first flowing waters in the upper part of a river’s watershed.  These relatively small streams have a big range of functions, including as habitat for certain organisms or life stages, and as a source of water, materials, and organisms for downstream waters. Understanding the location and length of headwater streams in the Appalachian Mountains, particularly in response to storms, is the research goal of Carrie Jensen, a graduate student in Virginia Tech’s Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation.   In early November 2017, Ms. Jensen described her research and its significance in just 90 seconds during the “Nutshell Games,” held by Tech’s Center for Communicating Science.  Here’s Ms. Jensen’s presentation. VOICE - ~89 sec As Ms. Jensen’s work shows, there’s much to know about headwaters, and such information can help us better understand quantity and quality patterns far downstream. Thanks to Carrie Jensen for permission to use the audio from her talk.  Thanks also to Bob Gramann for this week’s music, and we close with about 20 more seconds of “Mountain Stream.” MUSIC - ~18 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The audio of Carrie Jensen was derived from the video of her presentation at the Second Annual Nutshell Games conducted on November 4, 2017, at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg.  The videos from that day are available online at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU01cz4Mal3-AOZeODCauLHw (as of 11/30/17). The Nutshell Games are organized by the Virginia Tech Center for Communicating Science to give graduate students a forum for describing their research in a short presentation designed for non-scientists.  More information about the Center for Communicating Science is available online at https://communicatingscience.isce.vt.edu/.  Two news articles about the Nutshell Games are New center focuses on the art of communicating science effectively, Virginia Tech News, 2/28/17; and Understandable communication aim of first 'Nutshell Games', Roanoke Times, 3/3/17.  For another Virginia Water Radio episode featuring a Nutshell Games presentation, please see Episode 376, 7-10-17. “Mountain Stream,” from the 2001 album “See Further in the Darkness,” is copyright by Bob Gramann; used with permission. Laura Lengnick accompanied on fiddle.  This selection was also used in Virginia Water Radio Episode 156 (4-8-13) and Episode 209 (4-14-14). The sounds of headwater streams heard in this episode were recorded in Blacksburg, Va.’s Heritage Park on July 27, 2016, and in Blacksburg on

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:02). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, images, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-24-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 27, 2017. SOUNDS – ~4 sec This week, that sound of sleet opens our annual episode on winter preparedness. In 2017, winter comes to Virginia on December 21 at 11:28 a.m. That’s the Virginia time of the Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hemisphere is at its maximum annual tilt away from the sun.  To help you be prepared for all that the Winter Solstice foretells, here are some tips from the Virginia Department of Emergency Management for staying safe from winter’s hazardous roads, power outages, and fire hazards. *Get road conditions from the Virginia 511 telephone system, Web site, or mobile app. *Have an emergency kit for your vehicle, including jumper cables, water, non-perishable food, blankets, a flashlight, and other items. *Have a battery-powered or hand-cranked radio, especially one with a NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] Weather Radio band. *Get fireplaces, wood stoves, and chimneys inspected and cleaned. *Install a smoke detector in every bedroom and on every floor level, test them monthly, and replace the batteries every six months. *If you use space heaters, plug them into wall outlets, not into extension cords; keep heaters at least three feet from other objects; and don’t leave heaters unattended. *Generators, camp stoves, and charcoal-burning devices should be used outdoors only. *Use flashlights, not candles, during power outages. *And make a family emergency plan that includes a meeting place if your family can’t return home; an out-of-town emergency contact; and at least a three-day emergency supply of food, water, and medications. More information on preparing for severe winter weather and other emergencies is available online at vaemergency.gov, and in the online show notes for this Water Radio episode. Thanks to Freesound.org for the sleet sounds. Next time you hear those sounds for real, or perhaps these… SOUND - ~ 6 sec - wind plus NOAA Weather Radio winter weather message excerpt …here’s hoping that you can stay warm, dry, and safe. We close with some music appropriate for the season about to arrive. Here’s part of “Winter’s Fall,” by the Blacksburg- and Roanoke, Va.,-based band, No Strings Attached. MUSIC - ~24 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.  Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sound of snow and sleet was recorded by user sanus-excipio (dated December 15, 2007), and made available for public use by Freesound.org, online at https://freesound.org/people/sanus_excipio/sounds/44921/, under the Creative Commons Attribution—Non-commercial 3.0 License.  For more information on Creative Commons licenses, please see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/; information on the Attribution—Non-Commercial License specifically is online at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE The NOAA Weather Radio excerpt was recorded from the November 26, 2014 (7 a.m. EST) broadcast by the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Blacksburg, Va. “Winter’s Fall,” from the 1999 album “In the Vinyl Tradition, Vol. II,” is copyright by No Strings Attached and Enessay Music, used with permission.  This selection was featured previously in Virginia

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:06). Transcript of audio, notes on the audio, photos, and additional information follow below. All Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 11-17-17. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of November 20, 2017. This week, to celebrate Thanksgiving, we hear from a series of guest voices, all naming something about water for which they’re thankful.   Have a listen for about 70 seconds to their choices, accompanied by “Bass Fisherman’s Reel,” by Williamburg musician Timothy Seaman. VOICES and MUSIC - ~72 sec ~When I think of water, I think of life. I love the quote by Benjamin Franklin: “When the well is dry, [we will] know the worth of water.” ~I am thankful for the life water makes possible, including the life-enhancing connections it creates between people and communities. ~I’m thankful that I get to do water quality and water education as part of my job. ~The right to water is important for health, recreation, and agriculture. ~I’m thankful for the water that carries my kayak. ~For paddling a placid, calm stretch of river, knowing that at the end of that placid stretch, there will be a beautiful little waterfall. ~For the river by my house. ~For frogs calling in the rain. ~Photosynthesis and plant growth. ~Summer rain, thunderstorms, clouds, and swimming. ~The brilliant fall colors that a wetter autumn brings. ~Wetlands. ~The rich diversity of living things that water supports. ~Water is the most important product of the forest. ~Hey, I’m thankful that I finally got my well fixed. It’s pretty hard to live without water, and it’s pretty good water. Thanks to these Virginians for reminding us of the diversity, utility, necessity, and vitality of our common wealth of water. In recognition of the atmospheric source of all these water values, we close with a few seconds of “Flying Cloud Reel,” by the Blacksburg- and Roanoke-based band No Strings Attached.  Thanks to them and to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music. Happy Thanksgiving! MUSIC - ~10 sec SHIP’S BELL For more Virginia water sounds, music, and information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call us at (540) 231-5463.   Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close the show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Voices were recorded by Virginia Water Radio on November 15-16, 2017, in Blacksburg with faculty and staff of the Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment; used with permission.  Virginia Water Radio thanks these co-workers for their participation. “Flying Cloud Reel,” by No Strings Attached, is from the 1999 album “In the Vinyl Tradition—Volume I,” from Enessay Music, used with permission.  This music was also used in Episode 315, 5-9-16, on sandpipers.  More information about No Strings Attached is available online at http://www.enessay.com/. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com. PHOTOS Here’s a photographic sample of some of the water resources for which Virginians can be thankful. Snow in Blacksburg, Va., December 30, 2016. Rainbow over Blacksburg, Va., March 21, 2017.Shooting Star and Bishop’s Cap wildflowers beside a small stream in Blacksburg, Va., April 28, 2017. Clouds over Blacksburg, Va., July 1, 2017. Thompson Creek from U.S. Route 39 in Bath County, Va., July 22, 2017. SOURCE USED FOR A