This week we jump ahead to talk about terminology used by the Egyptians about the regions and peoples to their south. We also talk about the site that will become the city of Kerma and the beginning of the Kingdom of Kush. We also check back in with the site of Nabta Playa and it's potential ties to Egyptian, Kushite, and other Nubian cultures.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/d-CCmZqYW5o

This week we talk about the Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic languages and the peoples of the Horn of Africa as well as their proto states and interactions with Egypt and Arabia.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/nDuDvnf5F2o

This week we discuss the Eburran culture and it's interaction with a pastoralist groups coming into African Great Lakes Region from the Nile and Horn of Africa. We also discuss said pastoralists and who their modern descendants may be. We also start covering peoples living in the Horn itself. Specifically the Omotic speaker's ancestors.

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This week we talk about the importance of Lake Chad. The origin of that name. The arrival of pastoralism and the importance of fishing in the region. We discuss the establishment of small scale trade that will eventually grow much larger. We also discuss the interaction between the various ethnolinguistic groups living in and around the region.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/1H5lj38mVTc

This week we move to the peoples living around Lake Chad, the eastern Sahel, the southern Nile, and its tributaries between 6000-4000 BC(E) and the expansion of pastoralism and agriculture.

We also go over the idea of a macro Nilo-Saharan language and some of the pushback and criticism that got. We talk about the etymology of the Nile and Chari rivers.

Next week we will focus on specific sites sites seeing evidence of agriculture and pastoralism in the region.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/3Em4y6ja7Ew

This week we finish this season's coverage of West Africa. I talk about the delay in the adoption of agriculture in the region, and the future expansion of textiles, cloth, and leather production and styles. We also talk about some of the smaller branches (potentially) of the Niger-Congo Language Family including the Dogon and their religion.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/-7P-kInG2us

This episode was a little shorter than I would have liked thanks to some technical issues, but that didn't stop me from talking about the West African Hunter Gatherers that inhabited places like Shum Laka. We also started to touch on the Niger-Congo language family and how branches of it are starting to spread. Particularly Mande (Though it may be a separate language family) and it's probable connection to the Round Head Period of the Savannah and how the desertification was affecting its spread.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/RW3Pm7leFdw

This week we talk about the ancestors of Central Africa's Pygmy peoples. We discuss why they may have evolved their shorter stature and their potential social organizations and what we know of their languages. We also discuss the all encompassing importance of the forest to them and what role music played in this importance.

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YouTube: https://youtu.be/JH499Nil6XQ

I return this week after a very frustrating experience last week to talk about the ancestors of the modern Khoi and San peoples and some of the reasons that these peoples haven't had to change as quickly as those living in other regions. I also dive into some discussion about hunter gatherer warfare or conflict and what the differences between that and settle warfare were.

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In our last Urbanization special for season 4 we talk about the first major urban sites in Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent, and what we know and don't know about them at this early date. We also talk about why these areas were ahead of their neighbors in seeing cities form.

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YouTube:https://youtu.be/0etj839Fa3E