Fishplate
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In rail terminology, a fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal bar that is bolted to the ends of two rails to join them together in a track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden bar with a curved profile used to strengthen a ship's mast.[1] The top and bottom edges are tapered inwards so the device wedges itself between the top and bottom of the rail when it is bolted into place.[2] In rail transport modelling, a fishplate is often a small copper or nickel silver plate that slips onto both rails to provide the functions of maintaining alignment and electrical continuity.

References
"Fish 2". Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
Morgan, C. D. (1946). "Permanent way". In Pendred, Loughan (ed.). The Engineer's Year-Book for 1946 (52 ed.). London: Morgan Brothers. p. 2015.\

Fishplate. (2013, July 15). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:15, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishplate&oldid=4500118.

Green fluorescent protein
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Green florescent protein (GFP) is a protein that is found in moon jellyfish. It helps scientists look at cell molecules. There is another substance the is called RFP that serves the same purpose but is red, and is found in coral.

For GFP scientists have learned that if you take away one molecule it can change the whole color of the substance, along with if you add a molecule to the original substance it will also change the color. Scientists have made the colors cyan (ECFP) and pink (mRaspberry). The GFP is a florescent substance that is kind of like a highlighter.

Green fluorescent protein. (2022, January 31). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:12, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_fluorescent_protein&oldid=7995971.

Oxford
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oxford
City and non-metropolitan district
From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College, main quadrangle; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum
From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College, main quadrangle; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum
Official logo of Oxford
Coat of arms of Oxford
Nickname(s): "the City of Dreaming Spires"
Motto(s): "Fortis est veritas" "The truth is strong"
Shown within Oxfordshire
Shown within Oxfordshire
Oxford is located in EnglandOxfordOxford
Location within England
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Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryEngland
RegionSouth East England
Ceremonial countyOxfordshire
Admin HQOxford City Centre
Founded8th century
City status1542
Government
• TypeCity
• Governing bodyOxford City Council
• Sheriff of OxfordCraig Simmons
• ExecutiveLabour
• MPsAnneliese Dodds (Labour & Co-op, Oxford East)
Layla Moran (Liberal Democrat, Oxford West and Abingdon)
Area
• City and non-metropolitan district17.60 sq mi (45.59 km2)
Population (2017)
• City and non-metropolitan district152,450[1]
• Density8,500/sq mi (3,270/km2)
• Metro244,000
• Ethnicity (2011)63.6% White British
1.6% White Irish
12.5% Other White
12.5% British Asian
4.0% Mixed Race
4.6% Black
1.4% Other
Demonym(s)Oxonian
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode
OX1, OX2, OX3, OX4
Area code(s)01865
ISO 3166-2GB-OXF
ONS code38UC (ONS)
E07000178 (GSS)
OS grid referenceSP513061
PoliceThames Valley
AmbulanceSouth Central
FireOxfordshire
Websitewww.oxford.gov.uk

Oxford. (2022, January 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:08, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxford&oldid=7956331.

Orion nebula
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


The Orion nebula

The constellation of Orion with the Orion Nebula (lower middle)
The Orion nebula, or Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976, is a diffuse nebula. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. It is exceptionally bright because it has O-type stars at its core. They are the hottest and brightest stars. The nebula is south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.

M42 is 1,344 ± 20 light years away from us.[1][2] It is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. Big as it is, the Orion nebula is just part of an even larger star-forming area known as the Orion complex.

Stellar nursery

View of several "proplyds" in the Orion Nebula taken by the Hubble Space Telescope
The nebula is a huge stellar nursery. 700 stars are in the process of forming there. At its heart is a very young open cluster, known as the Trapezium because of the pattern formed by its main stars.

Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have shown protoplanetary disks inside the Orion Nebula. This is a major discovery. They are called proplyds for short.[3] There are more than 150 of these in the nebula. They are thought to be to be systems in the earliest stages of planetary system formation. The sheer numbers have been used as evidence that the formation of star systems is fairly common in the universe.

Stars form when clumps of hydrogen and other gases in an H II region contract under their own gravity. As the gas collapses, the central clump grows stronger and the gas heats to extreme temperatures by converting gravitational potential energy to thermal energy. If the temperature gets high enough, nuclear fusion will start, and form a protostar. The protostar is 'born' when it begins to emit enough energy to balance out its gravity and halt gravitational collapse.

References
Reid M.J. et al 2009. Trigonometric parallaxes of massive star forming regions: VI. Galactic structure, fundamental parameters and non-circular motions. Astrophysical Journal 700: 137. [1]
Hirota, Tomoya et al 2007. Distance to Orion KL measured with VERA. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 59 (5): 897–903. [2]
McCaughrean, Mark J.; O'dell, C. Robert. (1996). "Direct imaging of circumstellar disks in the Orion nebula". Astronomical Journal. 111: 1977. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.1977M. doi:10.1086/117934. S2CID 122335780.

Orion nebula. (2022, July 9). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:03, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orion_nebula&oldid=8330290.

Spandrel
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Illustration of spandrel
A spandrel is the space between two arches. It is the space between an arch and a rectangular fence or the space between the right and left exterior curve of an arch and an enclosing right angle.

In structures with more than one floor, the term spandrel can also mean the space between the top of the window in one floor and the threshold of the window in the floor above.

Spandrels have different meanings in architecture and art history.

Bridges
Arches commonly exist in bridge constructions, so spandrels may appear in such structures. Historically, most arch expansions had solid spandrels, meaning that the areas between arches were completely filled in with masonry. This was true until the use of steel and reinforced concrete began in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Domes
Structures of domes can also contain spandrels. Where domes are needed to rest on a square or a rectangular base, the dome is raised above the level of the supporting pillars with three-dimensional spandrels called pendentives. These triangular segments take the weight of the dome and place it onto the poles.

Spandrel. (2016, July 1). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:47, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spandrel&oldid=5430476.

Jeju language
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jeju language
제주말
Jeju-teukbyeoljachi-do in South Korea.svg
Jeju Island (red), where the language is spoken
Native toSouth Korea
RegionJeju Island
EthnicityJeju people
Native speakers5,000 - 10,000 (2010)
Language family
Koreanic
Jeju language
Language codes
ISO 639-3jje
ELPJejueo
The Jeju language (Jeju: 제주말, Jeju-mal) is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.


Contents
1History
2Usage
3Dialect or language
4Related pages
5References
History
The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.

Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.

Usage
UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70.[1] Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.[1]

Dialect or language
Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it.[2] Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.[2]

Related pages
Jeju-do, the island where Jeju language is spoken
South Korea
References
"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
"The Distinct and Separate Language of Jeju Island". Day Translations Blog. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2020-08-16.

Jeju language. (2020, August 16). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:33, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeju_language&oldid=7070714.

Feliformia
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Feliformia
Temporal range: Eocene to Recent
Panthera tigris tigris edited2.jpg
Tiger (Panthera tigris)
Scientific classificatione
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Suborder:Feliformia
Kretzoi, 1945
Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, Asiatic linsangs, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic.[1] The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.


Contents
1Taxonomy
1.1Cladogram
2References
3Other websites
Taxonomy
Suborder Feliformia ("cat-like")
Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
Family Felidae: Cats
Subfamily Felinae
Subfamily Pantherinae
Family Nandiniidae:
Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
Subfamily Hyaeninae
Subfamily Protelinae
Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar
†Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths [2]
†Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
†Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
†Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene
Cladogram
Feliformia

Nimravidae†




Stenoplesictidae†



Percrocutidae†




Nandiniidae





Prionodontidae




Barbourofelidae†



Felidae






Viverridae




Hyaenidae




Herpestidae



Eupleridae








References
Eizirik E. et al 2010. Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49-63. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033
"true" sabre-tooths are in the Felidae.

1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora Archived 2005-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

Feliformia. (2022, August 28). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:31, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliformia&oldid=8416162.

Animal
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the album, see Animals (album).
Animalia
Temporal range: Cryogenian – Present
fossil range 670–0 mya
Animal diversity.png
About this image
Scientific classificatione
(unranked):Amorphea
(unranked):Obazoa
(unranked):Opisthokonta
(unranked):Holozoa
(unranked):Filozoa
Kingdom:Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Phyla
List of animal phyla
Synonyms
Metazoa
Animals (or Metazoa) are living creatures with many cells. They are eukaryotes. Animals get energy from other living things. Usually they eat them or are parasites. Some have photosynthetic protists as symbionts.

The study of animals is called zoology.[1][2][3] The study of ancient life is called palaeontology.

Most animals are mobile, meaning they can move around. Animals take in oxygen, and give out carbon dioxide.[4] This cellular respiration is part of their metabolism (chemical working). In both these ways they are different from plants. Also, the cells of animals have different cell membranes to other eukaryotes like plants and fungi.

Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms, but live by using light, water and basic elements to make their tissues.


Contents
1Grouping animals
2Life styles
3Everyday language
4Related pages
5References
Grouping animals
There are many different types of animals. The common animals most people know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. When biologists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have in common. They use this to group the animals in a biological classification. Several million species may exist, but biologists have only identified about one million.

Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are the only group to have an adaptive immune system, which may be partly responsible for their size and success.[5][6]

Vertebrates are:

Fish (or 'fishes': both ways are correct)
Amphibia
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Some invertebrates are:

Insects
Spiders
Crustacea
Molluscs (like a snail or squid)
worms
jellyfish
Life styles
The animal mode of nutrition is called heterotrophic because they get their food from other living organisms. Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat only meat and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores.

The environments animals live in vary greatly. By the process of evolution, animals adapt to the habitats they live in. A fish is adapted to its life in water and a spider is adapted to a life catching and eating insects. A mammal living on the savannahs of East Africa lives quite a different life from a dolphin or porpoise catching fish in the sea.

The fossil record of animals goes back about 600 million years to the Ediacaran period, or somewhat earlier.[7] During the whole of this long time, animals have been constantly evolving, so that the animals alive on Earth today are very different from those on the edges of the sea-floor in the Ediacaran.

Everyday language
In scientific usage, humans are animals. But in everyday use, humans are often not regarded as animals.

Related pages
Wikispecies has information on: Animalia.
List of animal phyla
Ethology, the study of animal behaviour
References
Alexander, R. McNeill 1990. Animals. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-34865-X
Ville C.A; Walker W.F. & Barnes R.D. 1984. General zoology. Saunders
Hamilton, Gina. Kingdoms of life – Animals. Lorenz Educational Press. ISBN 978-1-4291-1610-7
Cresswell, Julia 2010. The Oxford Dictionary of word origins. 2nd ed, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954793-7 'having the breath of life', from anima 'air, breath, life'.
Janeway C.A. 2001. Evolution of the immune system. In Immunobiology ed Janeway et al. 5th ed, 597–607. New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4101-7
Hirano, Masayuki; Das, Sabyasachi; Guo, Peng; Cooper, Max D. (2011-01-01), Alt, Frederick W. (ed.), "Chapter 4 - The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates", Advances in Immunology, Academic Press, 109: 125–157, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387664-5.00004-2, ISBN 9780123876645, PMID 21569914, retrieved 2019-12-03
Maloof, Adam C. et al 2010 (2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..653M. doi:10.1038/ngeo934. Pdf. These fossils are interpreted as being early sponges. They were found in 665-million-year-old rock.

Animal. (2022, September 27). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:20, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal&oldid=8460266.

Carnivore
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For animals of the mammal order, see Carnivora.

Wolves hunting a bison.
A carnivore is an animal which eats only meat. [1] Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. Scavengers are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called piscivores.

The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few do not.[2]

List of living carnivores

Unlike tigers, Penguins don't need teeth and claws to be carnivores. They feed on crustaceans, fish, squid, and other small marine life.

Great Blue Heron with a snake
Mammals
All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
All bats except fruitbats
The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil
Birds
All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
All vultures, both old world and new
Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons
Reptiles
All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles
Fish and amphibians
All frogs and toads
Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass
Invertebrates
Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
All jellyfish and sea stars
Related pages
Theropod
Insectivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
References
The word Carnivora comes from Latin, where carne means "flesh" or "meat", and vorare is a verb meaning "eat", that is "meat-eater".
Ullrey, Duane E. Nutrient requirements: carnivores. Encyclopedia of Animal Science.

Carnivore. (2021, September 10). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17:08, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnivore&oldid=7767179.

Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust is the land trust that holds the freehold title to the land of Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa National Park (referred to as Northern Territory Portion 1728). The trust is the legal landowner and holds the title on behalf of the people who are recognised as the land's traditional owners. It was created on 26 October 1985.[1]

The land was originally claimed as part of the Katiti Land Claim in 1979.[2] It was sumbitted by the Central Land Council on the behalf of several hundred people, most of whom lived at Muṯitjulu.[3] The claim was judged in 1980, and Commissioner Justice John Toohey formally recognised 104 traditional owners for Uluṟu and 57 for Kata Tjuṯa.[2] He granted them freehold title to the land now held by the Katiti Aboriginal Land Trust. They were not granted the title to Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa because it was already being used as a national park.[3][4]

There was then a long legal case over the freehold title (actual ownership) of the park lands. The case continued until November 1983, when Prime Minister Bob Hawke acknowledged that the traditional owners had the rights to Uluṟu. In 1985, the Territory passed two amendments: one for the Aboriginal Land Rights Act and one for the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act. The freehold title to the land in the park was passed to the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust on 26 October 1985.[5] As part of the agreement, the land was immediately leased back to the Director of National Parks for a period of 99 years. The title is inalienable, which means that it can not be sold, traded or given away; it is inherited continuously by the community's descendants.

References
Uluru - Kata Tjuta National Park. "Return of the land to traditional owners". Learnline. Charles Darwin University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
"Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park Notes: Non-Aboriginal history". Parks Australia and the Muṯitjulu Community. 19 October 2001.
Dawn Chatty; Marcus Colchester (2002), Conservation and mobile indigenous peoples: displacement, forced settlement, and sustainable development, Berghahn Books, p. 366–367, ISBN 978-1-57181-841-6
Margo Neale; Sylvia Kleinert and Robyne Bancroft (2000). The Oxford companion to aboriginal art and culture. Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-1955-0649-5.
"Park history: Development of Aboriginal ownership and joint management". Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.

Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Aboriginal Land Trust. (2021, September 25). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:58, October 14, 2022 from https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulu%E1%B9%9Fu%E2%80%93Kata_Tju%E1%B9%AFa_Aboriginal_Land_Trust&oldid=7791336.