Scars remain from nearly all of Africa having been aggressively colonised. Greed mixed with racism to crush long-standing social structures while looting resource wealth. 

However, many of today’s most dynamic economies are former colonies. Their impressive successes followed colonialism’s uprooting of conventions which were becoming outdated. Perhaps colonialism should be categorised as a particularly ugly phase among a long series of highly disruptive industrial-era advances. 

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