Former content moderator and current director of the Ada Lovelace Institute, Andrew Strait and Elizabeth chat about what content moderation is, why it is always flawed, and how the way in which platforms are constructed impact the flow of content. They talk about a bunch of related issues including how to (and how not to) regulate tech companies in order to minimize harms.

Additional Resources

Andrew recommended two great books that look at content moderation and content moderators: Behind the Screen by Sarah T. Roberts and Custodians of the Internet by Tarleton Gillespie. 

This interview with Sarah T. Roberts discusses the psychological impact of being a content moderator. 

After the interview Andrew also mentioned the work of Daphne Keller and Robyn Caplan.

Andrew brings up the landmark “right to be forgotten” case from 2014.

The German regulation mentioned in this episode is NetzDG. Here is a primer written by academics Heidi Tworek and Paddy Leerssen in April 2019, just over a year after the regulation came into effect.

This episode Andrew mentions the idea of affordances. To learn more about this concept make sure to come back for next week’s episode where we will explore technological affordances!

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Tim Fontaine is a former journalist who founded the satirical news website Walking Eagle News. He and Elizabeth chat about the role of political satire in peoples’ information diets. Political satire can provide an audience with a different perspective, help people understand the dominant narratives, and highlight gaps in dominant discourses. Elizabeth and Tim cover everything from the role of political satire, to critiques of political satire, to the difference between political satire and “fake news”.

Additional Resources

Elizabeth uses this article from Hill to inform her definition of political satire.

Tim uses Canadian Press Style at Walking Eagle News, check out this overview of the style guide to understand what that means.

Tim mentions multiple examples and headlines from Walking Eagle News. Here is “man filmed murdering man found guilty” and here is the article “there is only race, the human race”. 

To see a little more about the difference between satire and fake news check out this short interview.

Tim notes the importance of media literacy. To learn more about becoming media literate check out our episode on Critical Digital Literacy with Matthew Johnson.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Erin Gee is a policymaker, specialist in gender-based analysis, and Co-Founder of the Bad + Bitchy Podcast, and this week she discusses safe spaces with Elizabeth. Safe Spaces are online or physical spaces where historically marginalized groups might connect, share information and ideas, and mobilize. How does the idea of safe spaces connect to media and digital literacy? We consume information in social contexts, safe spaces can be one of those contexts. Erin and Elizabeth cover types of safe spaces, critiques of safe spaces, free speech, equity, and intersectionality.

Additional Resources

Elizabeth draws on this article from Rosemary Clark-Parsons and this article from Anna Gibson for her academic definition of safe space.

Erin uses LGBTQ spaces on campuses as an example of a safe space. This opinion article shows the importance of these kinds of spaces on campus, and the impact on students who lost them during the pandemic.

Erin and Elizabeth discuss the tension between safe spaces and free speech, this article demonstrates the type of arguments that may be used against safe spaces.

Erin uses this graphic about equity to highlight her point about privilege and free speech.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

This week Elizabeth chats with Jen Gerson, a freelance journalist and co-founder of The Line, about selective avoidance. Whether it be blocking someone on Twitter, unfriending someone on Facebook, or just carefully choosing from which sources we get our news, selective avoidance is an everyday occurrence. They discuss topics like the role of emotion in selective avoidance, fragmented media environments, political polarization, and hyper engagement.

Additional Resources:

Elizabeth uses this article by Parmalee and colleagues to help define selective avoidance.

Check out this article to learn more about the role of emotions can play in selective avoidance.

Elizabeth mentions this previous episode about the High-Choice Media Environment with Jane Lytvynenko. 

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Murad Hemmadi is a reporter for The Logic and this week he talks to Elizabeth about political information repertoires. From party campaign material to policy discussions to political memes, political information repertoires can be a mix of a lot of different things. They chat about what makes up a persons’ repertoire, the idea of Slacktivism, the lack of ‘backstory’ in the news, and Jagmeet Singh’s TikTok.

Additional Resources:

Elizabeth draws on this article by Wolfsfeld et al. to define political information repertoires.

Elizabeth uses The Conversation Canada as an example to show how some outlets are trying to communicate better with the public.

Murad and Elizabeth discuss whether they agree with this article by Oh et al. that finds high amounts of political information may actually overwhelm and negatively impact people.

Elizabeth mentions the Reuters Digital News Report which breaks down how news is being consumed across a range of countries.

If you liked this episode be sure to check out our episode on Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles with Adi Rao and The High-Choice Media Environment with Jane Lytvynenko.

**A quick note that in this episode Murad uses “repository” synonymously with “repertoires,” repertoires is the correct term.

Want even more? Be sure to check out www.polcommtech.ca.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Matthew Johnson is the Director of Education for MediaSmarts, and he chats with Elizabeth about critical digital literacy. From house hippos to authenticating information online, Elizabeth and Matthew discuss functional and critical aspects of media and digital literacy. They talk about the skills required to use digital and media tools, and the “key concept approach” to digital literacy, and digital literacy in the context of democratic systems.

Additional Resources:

Check out Media Smarts’ overview of digital literacy fundamentals here. 

Matthew also discusses the 5 key concepts for Media Literacy which can be found on this page.

This article written by Gianfranco Polizzi addresses the importance of critical digital literacy for democracy.

Matthew refers to the Break the Fake campaign which teaches us how to tell what information is true online. And while you’re at it, don’t forget to reminisce over the House Hippo.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

This season we are doing things a little bit differently. We are going to spend this season looking at media and digital literacy and a bunch of political communication theories that are related.

Next week we kick things off with a run down of what exactly media and digital literacy are. Then we will go week by week talking about things like political information repertoires, selective avoidance, political satire, safe spaces and more. Elizabeth will be chatting with journalists, political campaigners, and folks working in non-profits.

Learn more about the podcast and Elizabeth's research team at www.polcommtech.ca 

Follow Elizabeth on Twitter @lizdubois or find the lab on Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn @polcommtech.

This season is funded in part by a Connections Grant from SSHRC and the Digital Citizen Initiative.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Mini-episode coming at you. Elizabeth closes out season 2 with an update on plans for next season and a request to you listeners!

While we are away you can follow Elizabeth's work on Twitter @lizdubois
Check out the Pol Comm Tech Lab website: www.polcommtech.ca

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Sherry Aske, former CBC multimedia journalist, and Elizabeth chat about the fourth estate and the networked fourth estate. They dive into the origins of theories and the range of information producers that make up the networked fourth estate. Sherry and Elizabeth also reflect on the power dynamics at play between actors in the networked fourth estate and what that means for who gets heard in the current media environment.

Additional Resources
This open-access academic journal article by Yochai Benkler (2011) introduces the concept of the networked fourth estate.

Wikipedia provides a good sketch of the notion of the estates of the realm which is where the idea of the fourth estate comes from.

Elizabeth notes that Anonymous and WikiLeaks are groups connected to the networked fourth estate. Here is a recent summary of Anonymous's recent activities. Benkler discusses the role of WikiLeaks in the networked fourth estate in the journal article above.

Elizabeth also mentions previous episodes of the podcast on the high-choice media environment and assemblages.

Sherry references the Edelman Trust Barometer's gauge of the public's trust in news media. 

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.

Shaaz is a Digital Advisor and Director of Digital Transformation for Microsoft and he chats with Elizabeth about what exactly is digital transformation. They go from academic definition, to business buzz words, to practical applications. Shaaz explains why he puts humanity at the centre of digital transformation and why he always wants to focus on "why" (rather than just what fancy new tech can we use).

Additional Resources

Elizabeth uses this academic journal article by Gregory Vial (2019) to define digital transformation.

Tip: You can get access to some articles for free by looking for things like "Open Access" or "Download for Free" - in this case you find the free version by clicking the "View Open Manuscript" link at the top-centre of the page. When academic journals don't have a free version on their main website sometimes the authors upload a pre-print version somewhere else so you can also try your favourite search engine.

Elizabeth mentions the Rogers Diffusion of Innovation Curve. Here is an example of the curve which is found in this blog post (the blog post focuses on IOTA/cryptocurrency, but the theory is applied much more broadly). Here is a YouTube video that explains the theory in the context of marketing.

Check out www.polcommtech.ca for annotated transcripts of this episode in English and French.