A system that translates text-based URLs to their underlying numerical IP addresses.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/domain-name-system-dns

Audio reference link: HistoryHeard. “History Heard: Paul Mockapetris.” YouTube, YouTube, 5 Apr. 2009.

A social engineering technique in which a threat actor poses as a trusted person or entity in order to trick the victim into disclosing information or performing an action that benefits the attacker.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/pretexting

Audio reference link: “Batch Pin Hurt Charlize Theron Skin | the Italian Job (2003) Movie Scene.” YouTube, YouTube, 22 Nov. 2016. 

A layer seven firewall designed to block threats at the application layer of the open system interconnection model, the OSI model. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/web-application-firewall

Audio reference link: “VCF East 9.1 - Ches' Computer Security Adventures - Bill Cheswick.” YouTube, 29 Dec. 2015, https://youtu.be/trR1cuBtcPs. 

An IT governance framework developed by ISACA. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/cobit

Audio reference link: isacappc. “How Do You Explain Cobit to Your Dad – or Your CEO?” YouTube, YouTube, 24 Aug. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYATVkddIyw. 

A security architecture that incorporates the cloud shared responsibility model, a vendor provided security stack, and network peering with one or more of the big content providers and their associated fiber networks. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/security-service-edge

Audio reference link: Netskope (2022). What is Security Service Edge (SSE). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9H84nvgBqw [Accessed 21 Oct. 2022].

A social engineering tactic in which hackers build a malicious domain to mimic a legitimate one.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/domain-spoofing

Audio reference link: “Mission Impossible Fallout - Hospital Scene.” YouTube, YouTube, 8 Oct. 2018,

A layer seven firewall that sits in line at the boundary between the internet and an organization's network perimeter that allows security policy enforcement and can perform certain prevention and detection tasks.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/secure-web-gateway

Audio reference link: ‌Vintage Computer Federation (2015). VCF East 9.1 - Ches’ Computer Security Adventures - Bill Cheswick. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trR1cuBtcPs.

Digital evidence that a system or network has been breached.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/indicator-of-compromise

Audio reference link: ‌”Suicide or Murder? | The Blind Banker | Sherlock,” uploaded by Sherlock, 18 October 2015

A system that monitors for malicious or unwanted activity, and either raises alerts when such activity is detected or blocks the traffic from passing to the target.

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/intrusion-detection-system

Audio reference link: “Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention - CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 - 2.1,” Professor Messer, uploaded 16 November, 2017

Hackers bypass, multifactor authentication schemes by sending a blizzard of spamming login attempts until the accounts owner accepts the MFA prompt out of desperation to make the spamming stop. 

CyberWire Glossary link: https://thecyberwire.com/glossary/mfa-prompt-bombing

Audio reference link: movieclips. “Sneakers (2/9) Movie Clip - Defeating the Keypad (1992) HD.” YouTube, YouTube, 29 May 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oG5vsPJ5Tos.