World History Encyclopedia

Athena written by Mark Cartwright and narrated by Kelly Macquire: https://worldhistory.org/athena/

Goddess of wisdom, war and the crafts, and favourite daughter of Zeus, Athena was, perhaps, the wisest, most courageous, and certainly the most resourceful of the Olympian gods. Zeus was told that his son would take his throne from him, just as he had taken power from his father Cronus. Accordingly, when Metis was pregnant, he swallowed her and Athena was born from Zeus' head, wearing armour and fully grown. A popular theme in ancient Greek art, Hephaistos is often depicted in the role of midwife, splitting Zeus' head with an axe.

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

www.ancientlyre.com

open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Daily Life in Medieval Japan written by Mark Cartwright and narrated by Jennifer Sabir: https://worldhistory.org/article/1424/daily-life-in-medieval-japan/

Daily life in medieval Japan (1185-1606 CE) was, for most people, the age-old struggle to put food on the table, build a family, stay healthy, and try to enjoy the finer things in life whenever possible. The upper classes had better and more colourful clothes, used expensive foreign porcelain, were entertained by Noh theatre and could afford to travel to other parts of Japan while the lower classes had to make do with plain cotton, ate rice and fish, and were mostly preoccupied with surviving the occasional famine, outbreaks of disease, and the civil wars that blighted the country. 

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Music used: 

Oriental Evening, World Music Melting Pot, Audio Hero

Filename: 71-Oriental-Evening-FULL-SM415

Predynastic Period in Egypt written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://worldhistory.org/Predynastic_Period_in_Egypt/

The Predynastic Period in Ancient Egypt is the time before recorded history from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic Age and on to the rise of the First Dynasty and is generally recognized as spanning the era from c. 6000-3150 BCE (though physical evidence argues for a longer history). While there are no written records from this period, archaeological excavations throughout Egypt have uncovered artifacts which tell their own story of the development of culture in the Nile River Valley.

Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxRSpkGOH_09pxKvgD8S5jQ/featured

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

www.ancientlyre.com

open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/

The Mycenaean civilization (c. 1700-1100 BCE) flourished in the Late Bronze Age, reaching its peak from the 15th to the 13th century BCE when it extended its influence not only throughout the Peloponnese in Greece but also across the Aegean, in particular, on Crete and the Cycladic islands. The Mycenaeans, named after their chief city of Mycenae in the Argolid of the northeast Peloponnese, were influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization (2000-1450 BCE) which had spread from its origins at Knossos, Crete to include the wider Aegean. Architecture, art and religious practices were assimilated and adapted to better express the perhaps more militaristic and austere Mycenaean culture. The Mycenaeans came to dominate most of mainland Greece and several islands, extending trade relations to other Bronze Age cultures in such places as Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt. The culture made a lasting impression on later Greeks in the Archaic and Classical periods, most tangibly in their myths of Bronze Age heroes like Achilles and Odysseus and their exploits in the Trojan War.

Mycenaean Civilization written by Mark Cartwright and narrated by Kelly Macquire: https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/

Find our video on the Mycenaean Civilization on YouTube here -> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZioHxDVCGE&t=137s

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

www.ancientlyre.com

open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Underground Rome written by Irene Fanizza and narrated by Jennifer Sabir: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/435/underground-rome/

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Music Used:

Little-Italy-WTJ014201

Album: World Travel Jingles

Link: https://download.audiohero.com/#!details?id=13439271

Underground archaeology is a niche topic and is highly specialized. We're talking about simple structures underground, such as those of Roman North Africa (able to withstand the heat), or we can get as extreme, in a mostly urban context, as where the underground archaeological palimpsests are complex and highly suggestive. Pointing the finger at any European capital, we immediately think of the catacombs and tombs, but in the archaeological world of the underground, there is much more than mere funerary works.

Kingdom of Nabatea written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Nabatea/

Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxyJAdZVpvw&t=29s

If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company:

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

www.ancientlyre.com

open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/

The Nabatean Kingdom was a powerful political entity which flourished in the region of modern-day Jordan between the 4th century BCE and c. 106 CE and is best known today for the ruins of its capital city of Petra. Although it is clear that a wealthy community was thriving in the immediate vicinity of Petra by 312 BCE (attested to by the Greek expedition mounted against it), scholars usually date the Nabatean Kingdom from 168 BCE, the date of their first known king, to 106 CE when it was annexed by the Roman Empire under Trajan (98-117 CE).

Galatia written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.worldhistory.org/galatia/

Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured

If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company:

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

www.ancientlyre.com

open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8…IH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Interested in the ANTIQVVS magazine? Find out more here → www.antiqvvs-magazine.com/

Galatia was a region in north-central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) settled by the Celtic Gauls c. 278-277 BCE. The name comes from the Greek for “Gaul” which was repeated by Latin writers as Galli. The Celts were offered the region by the king of neighboring Bithynia, Nicomedes I (r. 278-255 BCE) and established themselves in three provinces made up of four cantons (wards) comprised of city-states (known as oppidum) governed, respectively, by the three tribes which made up the initial group: the Tectosages, Trocmil, and Tolistogogii.

Shulgi of Ur written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.worldhistory.org/Shulgi_of_Ur/

Find it on YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiq…ddleAges/featured

If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company:

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- www.patreon.com/ahe

The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

https://www.ancientlyre.com

https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/

Shulgi of Ur (r. 2029-1982 BCE) is considered the greatest king of the Ur III Period in Mesopotamia (2047-1750 BCE). His father was Ur-Nammu (r.2047-2030 BCE), who founded the Third Dynasty of Ur and helped to defeat the occupying forces of the Gutians, and his mother was a daughter of King Utu-Hegel of Uruk (her name is not known) who first led the uprising against the Gutian occupation. Shulgi inherited a stable kingdom after his father was killed in battle with the Gutians and proceeded to build upon his father's legacy to raise Sumer to great cultural heights.

Hill of Tara written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.worldhistory.org/Hill_of_Tara/

Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured

If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company:

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The Hill of Tara is an ancient Neolithic Age site in County Meath, Ireland. It was known as the seat of the High Kings of Ireland, the site of coronations, a place of assembly for the enacting and reading of laws, and for religious festivals. The oldest monument at the site is the Mound of the Hostages, a Neolithic passage tomb, dating from c. 3000 BCE. The ring forts and evidence of other enclosures, such as the Banquet Hall, date from a later period. The Lia Fail (stone of destiny), by which the ancient kings were inaugurated, still stands on the hill. The site is also associated with the Tuatha De Danaan, the pre-Celtic peoples of Ireland and with the mystical elements they came to embody. The great sabbats of pagan Ireland were announced by a bonfire on the hill which, at an elevation of 646 feet (197 metres), would have been seen for many miles in every direction. It is said that St. Patrick announced the arrival of Christianity in Ireland by lighting his own large bonfire across from Tara at the Hill of Slane before going there to preach before King Laoghaire in 432/433 CE. The name comes from the Gaelic Cnoc na Teamhrach, which is often translated as "place of great prospect", though it has also been argued it comes from a corruption of Tea-Mur, burial place of the ancient queen Tea.

Police in Ancient Egypt written by Joshua J. Mark and narrated by DW Draffin: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1104/police-in-ancient-egypt/

Find it on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheStudyofAntiquityandtheMiddleAges/featured

If you like our audio articles, please support us by becoming a member or donating to our non-profit company:

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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:

https://www.ancientlyre.com

https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A

Interested in the Medieval Magazine? Find out more here → www.themedievalmagazine.com/

In any society, members of the community recognize they are required to restrain certain impulses in order to participate in the community. Every civilization has had some form of law which makes clear that the benefits of peaceful coexistence with one’s clan, city, village, or tribe outweigh the gratification of selfish desires, and should one act on such desires at others’ expense, there will be consequences. In ancient Egypt, the underlying form of the law which modified behavior was the central value of the entire culture: ma’at, (harmony and balance). Ma’at, personified as a goddess, came into being at the creation of the world and was the principle which allowed everything to function as it did in accordance with divine order.