In the 16th century, the Castilians themselves in New Spain led conspiracies and rebellions, from the non-conformity with the New Laws to the conspiracy of the Marquis del Valle in 1566.

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https://www.xikoova.com/en/rebellions-and-conspiracies-of-castilians-spaniards-in-new-spain-during-the-16th-century/

The conspiracies and rebellions of African and Afro-descendant slaves in New Spain, from Yanga to the mulatto conspiracy of 1665, reveal a forgotten resistance that frightened the viceregal elites.

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https://www.xikoova.com/en/african-slaves-and-african-descendants-in-new-spain-forgotten-rebellions-and-conspiracies/

In 1660, the abuses of the mayor of Guadalcázar, in Tehuantepec, provoked an indigenous uprising that combined direct action and legal defense before the viceroy, showing the daily resistance in New Spain.

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https://www.xikoova.com/en/the-indigenous-uprising-of-1660-in-tehuantepec-guadalcazar-due-to-abuses-of-the-alcalde-mayor/

During the 16th and 17th centuries, indigenous resistance in New Spain manifested itself in conspiracies, religious rebellions, uprisings against abuses and prolonged wars such as the Mixtón and New Mexico wars.

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https://www.xikoova.com/en/indigenous-resistance-in-the-viceroyalty-of-new-spain-conspiracies-rebellions-and-uprisings-16th-and-17th-centuries/

The uprisings and riots in New Spain reveal that the viceroyalty was far from being a peaceful space: Indians, Creoles and even the peninsular elites challenged authority at different stages.

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Alzamientos y motines en la Nueva España: rebeliones indígenas, criollas y populares | XIKOOVA

Mexico City is a paradise for those who enjoy art and history. Among its architectural treasures, the baroque style shines with a special force. This style, characterized by its exuberant ornamentation, gilded details and strong symbolism, left its mark on several baroque temples that still fascinate locals and visitors.

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The 5 most impressive baroque temples in Mexico City | XIKOOVA

When La Salle founded the fort of San Luis on land that is now part of Texas, the Catholic monarchy reacted quickly to protect its northern border. This episode marked the beginning of a defensive expansion, Franciscan missions and constant vigilance against the foreign threat. 

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La amenaza francesa en el norte del virreinato: el fuerte de San Luis y la respuesta novohispana | XIKOOVA

Evangelization in the viceregal north was more than a spiritual mission: it was also a territorial and political strategy. Franciscans and Jesuits took their ideology to Chichimeca lands, facing resistance, destruction and pressure from the hacienda owners. 

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Missionary expansion in the viceregal north: Franciscans, Jesuits, and tensions | XIKOOVA

Beyond their participation in military campaigns, allied indigenous peoples were key players in the founding of settlements during the viceroyalty. From Tlaxcalteca to Otomí, these groups helped establish communities that balanced the tensions between viceregal control and indigenous survival. 

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Foundations made with allied indigenous peoples in New Spain | XIKOOVA

The Mixtón War was one of the most significant indigenous resistances of the 16th century. Led by peoples of western Mesoamerica, such as the Caxcanes and Zacatecos, it confronted the viceregal advance promoted by Nuño de Guzmán and reinforced by viceregal authorities such as Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza. 

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The Mixtón War: indigenous resistance against viceroyalty expansion | XIKOOVA