The Global Health Security Index, released by the Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, looks at every country’s capacity to respond to emergencies like a pandemic. Dr. Jennifer Nuzzo returns to the podcast to talk with Dr. Josh Sharfstein about some takeaways from the 2021 report and what we’ve learned—and didn’t learn—from the pre-COVID-19 2019 report. They also talk about the report’s use as a tool for countries to shore up gaps in their ability to respond to future crises and why even the most prepared countries, like the US, still struggled with COVID-19 response.