Dihedral-0.mp3

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A MATH AND SCIENCE NOTE

Think of a 3D shape with a base (usually a square) and triangular sides that meet at a single top point (the apex).

The faces (the sides) are usually isosceles triangles.

Angles in a pyramid:

The base angles of the triangular sides are typically equal (like an isosceles triangle).

The angles between the base and sides (called dihedral angles) are important in 3D — they control how steep or flat the pyramid is.

The triangles themselves have angles depending on the slope of the pyramid.

So pyramids are made up of isosceles triangles, and their structure involves a mix of plane angles (in the triangles) and 3D angles (between faces).

Angle-of-Impact-0.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE: The Reign of Violent Rain

Steeper angles (close to 90°, falling almost straight down):

Higher force per unit area because gravity acts almost directly downward.

Droplets or hailstones hit surfaces harder.

Leads to more damage, like erosion of soil, denting of cars, breaking leaves, and even bruising fruits and crops.

Shallow angles (smaller than 90°, more sideways rain):

Spread out over more area.

Less direct force per point — but wider impact.

Can cause sideways rain damage to walls, windows, and exposed structures that normally don’t get direct rainfall.

Mass of the droplet or hailstone (bigger = more force).

Velocity (speed falling — increases with height and wind help).

Angle of impact (straighter = harder hit; sideways = spread hit).

Surface (hard vs soft material receiving the impact).

In physics terms, the momentum and kinetic energy of a raindrop or hailstone are key:

Kinetic Energy (KE) = ½ * mass * velocity²

The angle affects how much of that energy is transferred directly vs spread sideways.

YES — and a big one. Climate change increases both intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events:

Warmer air holds more water vapor (about 7% more per 1°C rise).

Stronger storms (like supercell thunderstorms, hurricanes) form more often.

More intense rainfall → faster, heavier, and larger raindrops and hailstones.

Higher wind speeds during storms → causes sharper, more damaging impact angles (not just vertical — but violent, sideways rain and hail).

Result:

More erosion (even from “regular” storms).

More flooding from heavy rainbursts.

More structural damage — roofs, windows, crops, soil, buildings.

More inland damage from hurricanes and tropical storms that carry powerful rain farther than they used to.

In short:

The physics of impact angles explains how rain and hail cause damage.

Climate change makes the rain and hail bigger, faster, and sometimes hit at worse angles, massively boosting damage.

The-Long-Way-I.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE

In a reflex angle, instead of measuring the small angle between two lines, you’re measuring the bigger, bent-back sweep — the part that “wraps around” past 180°. It’s like you’re bending the angle backward to cover the larger part of the circle.

Regular angles measure the “short way” between two lines.

Reflex angles measure the “long way” — bending around the point.

When sound hits a reflex angle (a surface or corner with an angle greater than 180°), a few things can happen:

Sound waves spread out more:
Since the surface is wide and open, the sound doesn’t reflect sharply like it would off a flat wall or a right-angle corner. Instead, it spreads out (a bit like light scattering).

Weaker reflections:
In a reflex angle, the energy of the sound tends to dissipate more. You get softer echoes or even a “diffused” effect because the surfaces aren’t concentrating the sound in a tight bounce.

Less echo or more diffusion:
Reflex angles can cause sound to scatter instead of bouncing directly back, leading to a softer, more natural sound. That’s why concert halls often have special angled walls — to control echoes and make the sound blend smoothly!

Quick example:
Imagine shouting into a big, open corner (wider than 180°) — your voice won’t bounce straight back like it would in a narrow hallway. It kind of spreads out and fades instead.

Reflex-0.mp3

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A MATH AND SCIENCE NOTE

A reflex angle is any angle that measures more than 180° but less than 360°.

Imagine swinging a door almost all the way open — the wide space between the door and the frame is like a reflex angle. It’s the big angle going around the outside.

Quick comparison:

90° → right angle

180° → straight line

More than 180° but less than 360° → reflex angle

The word reflex comes from the Latin “reflectere,” meaning to bend back.

In a reflex angle, instead of measuring the small angle between two lines, you’re measuring the bigger, bent-back sweep — the part that “wraps around” past 180°. It’s like you’re bending the angle backward to cover the larger part of the circle.

So:

Regular angles measure the “short way” between two lines.

Reflex angles measure the “long way” — bending around the point.

Angle-0.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE

An angle is a measure of the rotation or space between two intersecting lines, rays, or segments that meet at a common point called the vertex. Imagine opening a door — the angle is how much the door swings open from its closed position.

Measured in degrees (°) or sometimes radians.

A full circle is 360°, so:

90° is a right angle (like the corner of a square).

Less than 90° is an acute angle.

More than 90° but less than 180° is an obtuse angle.

180° is a straight angle (a flat line).

More than 180° is a reflex angle.

Spastic-Seizure-I.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE

A spastic seizure (or tonic-clonic seizure, previously called a grand mal) involves abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which triggers involuntary muscle contractions. The physics and biology overlap here in some fascinating ways. Let’s break it down:

Your brain and nervous system are essentially electrochemical circuits.

Neurons use electrical signals (called action potentials) to transmit messages.

These signals are caused by ions (charged particles) like Na⁺ and K⁺ moving across the cell membrane.

When the charge difference (voltage) across the membrane reaches a threshold, the neuron “fires.”

Voltage: Difference in electric potential across the membrane.

Current: Flow of ions down the neuron’s axon.

Capacitance and resistance: Membranes act like tiny capacitors (charge storage) with built-in resistance.

Ohm’s Law applies: V = IR, where current (I) is driven by voltage (V) across resistance (R).

A seizure occurs when:

Large groups of neurons fire uncontrollably and simultaneously.

The normal balance between excitatory (go!) and inhibitory (slow down!) signals is disrupted.

This causes a “storm” of electrical activity in the brain.

Tonic phase: Muscles suddenly stiffen (tonic contraction) due to sustained neural firing.

Clonic phase: Muscles rapidly contract and relax (jerking), driven by rhythmic bursts of electrical activity.

The motor cortex (controls movement) is often the source or relay point.

Muscle contractions are triggered by:

Nerve impulses reaching muscle fibers.

Release of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) inside the muscle cells.

Calcium allows actin and myosin (muscle proteins) to slide past each other, contracting the muscle.

In a seizure:

The brain sends excessive, repeated electrical signals to muscles.

Muscles respond with violent, involuntary contractions.

The rhythm of firing during the clonic phase often appears chaotic but is sometimes semi-synchronized.

After the seizure:

Neurons enter a refractory state — they can’t fire again until ionic balance is restored.

This involves pumps (like the sodium-potassium pump) actively restoring charge differences.

That’s why a person often appears confused, exhausted, or unconscious post-seizure — the brain is “rebooting.”

Genetics (e.g. epilepsy)

Brain trauma

High fever (in children)

Low blood sugar

Drugs or withdrawal

Strobe lights (photosensitive epilepsy)

These can all disrupt ion channels, neurotransmitter balance, or network regulation, leading to runaway electrical activity.

Found-the-Ground-0.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE: how electricity works and how it can interact with your body

An electrical circuit is a closed loop that allows electric current (flow of electrons) to move from a power source, through a path, and back again.

Power Source – Battery, generator, or outlet (provides voltage)

Conductors – Wires (usually copper) that let electrons flow

Load – Something that uses the electricity (lightbulb, phone, motor)

Switch – Optional; lets you open or close the circuit

 When the circuit is closed, current flows. When it’s open, it doesn’t.

You get an electric shock when your body becomes part of a circuit, allowing current to flow through you.

Your body is conductive (mostly water with dissolved salts).

If you touch a live wire or faulty appliance, and there’s a path to ground (like your feet or another wire), electricity flows through your body to complete the circuit.

Depends on:

Static shock: Just a quick zap — low energy, high voltage, no real current.

Household shock: 120V or 240V — can be serious or deadly.

Arc flash or high-voltage contact: Can cause burns, nerve damage, or cardiac arrest.

Use insulated tools and rubber-soled shoes.

Never work on live circuits.

Install ground fault interrupters (GFCIs) near water.

Be cautious around metal, wet surfaces, and damaged cords.

Electricity always wants a path to lower potential — usually ground.
If your body provides a better path than the normal one (like through a broken cord or faulty appliance), the current will take you instead.

Radiation-0.mp3

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It’s our time to shine

(Shine on our time)

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It’s our time to shine

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A SCIENCE NOTE: Earth’s climate system and energy transfer

The Sun emits electromagnetic radiation, mostly in visible light, UV, and near-infrared.

This radiation travels through space and reaches Earth — about 1,361 W/m² at the top of the atmosphere (called the solar constant).

About 30% of solar energy is reflected back to space by clouds, aerosols, and Earth’s surface (called albedo).

About 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere, mostly by water vapor, ozone, and dust.

Some is scattered — especially shorter wavelengths (why the sky is blue).

Land surfaces absorb solar radiation and convert it into heat (thermal energy).

That energy is:

Re-radiated as infrared (longwave) radiation

Used in evaporation (latent heat transfer)

Conducted downward into soil or transferred to the air above

Water absorbs sunlight, especially in the upper few meters.

Oceans store huge amounts of thermal energy due to water’s high heat capacity.

Ocean currents (like the Gulf Stream) redistribute heat globally.

To stay stable, Earth must re-radiate as much energy as it receives. This happens through:

Infrared radiation emitted back into space

Regulated by greenhouse gases like CO₂, CH₄, and water vapor, which trap some outgoing heat — keeping Earth habitable

This is called the greenhouse effect — natural and necessary, but…

Burning fossil fuels adds extra CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O — increasing the greenhouse gas layer.

This traps more heat and reduces the energy Earth sends back into space.

Result: global warming — land, oceans, and atmosphere all heat up.

Deforestation reduces the Earth’s albedo (dark forests absorb more than bright grass or snow) and limits carbon capture.

Urbanization adds heat-absorbing surfaces (asphalt, concrete), creating heat islands.

Some aerosols reflect sunlight, causing temporary cooling.

Others, like black carbon (soot), absorb heat and settle on ice, accelerating melting and lowering albedo.

Warmer water expands, raises sea levels, and disrupts currents (like the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation).

Melting polar ice reduces reflection and increases absorption.

Melting ice → lower albedo → more absorption → more warming

Warming oceans → less CO₂ absorption → more GHGs in the air

Thawing permafrost → releases methane → even more warming

Energy-Transfer-0.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE

The main modes of energy transfer, each with common examples:

What it is:
Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact of particles, usually in solids.

How it works:
Hot particles vibrate more and bump into cooler neighbors, passing on kinetic energy.

Examples:

A metal spoon getting hot in a cup of tea

Walking barefoot on hot sand

What it is:
Transfer of heat through the bulk movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

How it works:
Hot fluids become less dense and rise; cooler, denser fluids sink — creating a convection current.

Examples:

Boiling water in a pot

Atmospheric circulation and ocean currents

What it is:
Transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves, no medium required (can travel through space).

How it works:
Energy is carried by photons. All objects emit radiation depending on their temperature.

Examples:

Sunlight warming your skin

Infrared heaters

A microwave oven heating food

What it is:
Transfer of energy via forces causing motion.

How it works:
When you apply a force and something moves, energy is transferred as mechanical work.

Examples:

A bat hitting a baseball

Pulling a wagon

Wind turning a turbine

What it is:
Movement of electrons through a conductor (like a wire), transferring energy.

How it works:
Electric potential (voltage) pushes charges through a circuit, powering devices.

Examples:

Powering a light bulb

Charging your phone

Electrochemical reactions (like in batteries)

What it is:
Energy stored in and released from chemical bonds during reactions.

How it works:
Breaking/forming bonds absorbs/releases energy — often as heat or light.

Examples:

Burning fuel

Digesting food

Batteries discharging

What it is:
Energy released from changes in the nucleus of atoms — much more potent than chemical.

How it works:
Nuclear fission (splitting atoms) or fusion (joining atoms) releases massive energy.

Examples:

Nuclear power plants

The Sun’s fusion process

Atomic bombs

Gravitational potential energy: Falling water in a hydroelectric dam

Elastic potential energy: A stretched rubber band snapping back

Sound energy: Vibrations traveling through air

Specular-Reflection-I.mp3

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A SCIENCE NOTE

That’s a really cool comparison — you’re touching on mechanics vs. optics, but both involve energy transfer through reflection. Here’s how the ricochet of a bullet compares to sunlight reflecting off water in terms of physics:

A bullet strikes a surface at an angle and bounces off rather than embedding or penetrating.

The ricochet depends on the incident angle, bullet speed, mass, and surface hardness.

Newton’s Laws of Motion: Conservation of momentum and energy in elastic (or semi-elastic) collisions.

Vector reflection: The angle of incidence is not always equal to the angle of reflection due to deformation, spin, or surface irregularities.

Friction & Energy Loss: Some kinetic energy is converted to heat, sound, or fragmentation.

Light rays (photons) hit a smooth water surface and reflect according to the law of reflection.

If the surface is smooth relative to the light’s wavelength, you get specular reflection (clear mirror-like image).

Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Wave-Particle Duality: Light behaves both as waves and particles (photons).

No Mass: Unlike bullets, photons have no rest mass — they transfer energy purely through momentum and electromagnetic fields.

If a bullet ricochet is like bouncing a rubber ball off concrete — momentum, weight, and angle all matter — then sunlight reflecting is more like bouncing a laser off a mirror — it’s clean, fast, and governed by geometry.