A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
• Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles, Duke of Mayenne, during the French Wars of Religion.
• Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
• According to his own account, Otto von Guericke completes his book Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio, detailing his experiments on vacuum and his discovery of electrostatic repulsion.
• The Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of Ronas Voe results in the Dutch East India Company ship Wapen van Rotterdam being captured with a death toll of up to 300 Dutch crew and soldiers.
• Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard HMS Monarch for breach of the Articles of War.
• American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans.
• Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin.
• The Mikado, a light opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, receives its first public performance at the Savoy Theatre in London.
• The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard.

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• The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
• At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.
• Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard.
• Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
• The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins.
• William Herschel discovers Uranus.
• Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809.
• A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry.
• Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist.
• The German revolutions of 1848-1849 begin in Vienna.
• The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves is passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.

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• Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
• Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Catholic Church. He is best known for initiating the Crusades.
• German city Munich (München) is first mentioned as forum apud Munichen in the Augsburg arbitration by Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich I.
• Start of the Siege of Maastricht, part of the Eighty Years' War.
• Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Society of Jesus, are canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
• James II of England landed at Kinsale, starting the Williamite War in Ireland.
• Peninsular War: A day after a successful rearguard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delays the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha.
• The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts of the USA) are founded in the United States.
• The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra.
• Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for most of the period since 1713.
• The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin.

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• Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
• Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.
• Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.
• The Frondeurs and the French sign the Peace of Rueil.
• The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time.
• Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.
• The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.
• The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory.
• Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.
• Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.
• The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.
• American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
• The Great Sheffield Flood kills 238 people in Sheffield, England.

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• Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.
• The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan. He declares himself emperor.
• After establishing the city of Santo Domingo, Christopher Columbus departs for Spain, leaving his brother in command.
• Susenyos I defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
• Charles I dissolves the Parliament of England, beginning the eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule.
• French "Sun King" Louis XIV begins his personal rule of France after the death of his premier, the Cardinal Mazarin.
• An agreement between Nader Shah and Russia is signed near Ganja, Azerbaijan and Russian troops are withdrawn from occupied territories.
• French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.
• Emperor Napoleon I is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.

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• First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
• Khwarazmian sultan Jalal ad-Din conquers the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.
• Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus in the Battle of Klokotnitsa.
• The fleet of Pedro Álvares Cabral leaves Lisbon for the Indies. The fleet will discover Brazil which lies within boundaries granted to Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.
• Safavid troops retreat from Basra, ending a three-year occupation.
• After a campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have actually died by suicide.
• The Wealth of Nations by Scottish economist and philosopher Adam Smith is published.
• Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano at the Battle of Tacuarí.
• Francis Ronalds describes the first battery-operated clock in the Philosophical Magazine.
• The U.S. Supreme Court rules in the United States v. The Amistad case that captive Africans who had seized control of the ship carrying them had been taken into slavery illegally.
• Giuseppe Verdi's third opera, Nabucco, receives its première performance in Milan; its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera composers.

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• Ferdowsi completes his epic poem Shahnameh.
• Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
• Battle of Hausbergen between bourgeois militias and the army of the bishop of Strasbourg.
• The city of Pori (Swedish: Björneborg) was founded by Duke John on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia.
• Treaty of Roskilde: After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655-1661), Frederick III, the King of Denmark-Norway is forced to give up nearly half his territory to Sweden.
• Queen Anne, the younger sister of Mary II, becomes Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• The Safavid Empire of Iran is defeated by an army from Afghanistan at the Battle of Gulnabad.
• Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran.
• An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine, publishes "African Slavery in America", the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery.
• Gnadenhutten massacre: Ninety-six Native Americans in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, who had converted to Christianity, are killed by Pennsylvania militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indian tribes.
• War of the Second Coalition: At the Battle of Abukir, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
• King Oscar I ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway.
• The Althing, the parliament of Iceland, was reopened after 45 years of closure.

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• Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
• Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Coblenz in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin.
• The University of Paris issues the last in a series of condemnations of various philosophical and theological theses.
• A peace treaty is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, ending the Ottoman-Venetian War and leaving Cyprus in Ottoman hands.
• Napoleon Bonaparte captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
• Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne.
• Brazilian marines unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina.
• Shrigley abduction: Ellen Turner is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a future politician in colonial New Zealand.
• Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
• American Civil War: Union forces engage Confederate troops at the Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas.
• Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the "telephone".
• The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to send wireless signals to shore.
• Second Boer War: Boers, led by Koos de la Rey, inflict the biggest defeat upon the British since the beginning of the war, at Tweebosch.

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• The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
• The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam.
• Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete.
• The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.
• Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed.
• Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.
• Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.
• The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal.
• The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.
• The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.
• York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.
• Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured.
• The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7-2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people.
• Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
• The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.

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• Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
• Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern journey which he will later describe in his book Safarnama.
• The Livonian Order is defeated in the Battle of Aizkraukle by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
• King Henry VII of England issues letters patent to John Cabot and his sons, authorising them to explore unknown lands.
• Nicolaus Copernicus's book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres is added to the Index of Forbidden Books 73 years after it was first published.
• Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.
• Boston Massacre: Five Americans, including Crispus Attucks, are fatally shot by British troops in an event that would contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (also known as the American War of Independence) five years later.
• Peninsular War: A French force under the command of Marshal Victor is routed while trying to prevent an Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese army from lifting the Siege of Cádiz in the Battle of Barrosa.
• First Anglo-Burmese War: The British officially declare war on Burma.
• Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful Caribbean pirates, is defeated in combat and captured by authorities.
• Samuel Colt patents the first production-model revolver, the .34-caliber.

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