• The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.
• Mercurius becomes Pope John II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.
• Reconquista: The Emirate of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
• Trunajaya rebellion: Amangkurat II of Mataram and his bodyguards execute the rebel leader Trunajaya
• American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of George Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
• Georgia becomes the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, North America, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.
• The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded by a group of six engineers; Thomas Telford would later become its first president.
• Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as the Brazilians and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.
• American statesman and diplomat John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.

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• The Senate chooses Pertinax against his will to succeed Commodus as Roman emperor.
• Saint Telemachus tries to stop a gladiatorial fight in a Roman amphitheatre, and is stoned to death by the crowd. This act impresses the Christian Emperor Honorius, who issues a historic ban on gladiatorial fights.
• Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II (probable).
• Romanos IV Diogenes marries Eudokia Makrembolitissa and is crowned Byzantine Emperor.
• Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.
• Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
• Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers the coast of Brazil.
• The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is first explored by the Portuguese.
• Twenty-year-old Francis, Duke of Brittany, succeeds to the French throne following the death of his father-in-law, Louis XII.
• Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria as King of Croatia in the 1527 election in Cetin.
• Scotland recognises January 1 as the start of the year, instead of March 25.
• The Masque of Indian and China Knights is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court.

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• Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gaul.
• Byzantine general Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily, defeating the Gothic garrison of Palermo (Panormos), and ending his consulship for the year.
• Battle of Englefield: The Vikings clash with ealdorman Æthelwulf of Berkshire. The invaders are driven back to Reading (East Anglia); many Danes are killed.
• Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV is forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Henry V, in Ingelheim.
• The Lý dynasty of Vietnam ends after 216 years by the enthronement of the boy emperor Trần Thái Tông, husband of the last Lý monarch, Lý Chiêu Hoàng, starting the Trần dynasty.
• James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon, enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain), thus consummating the Christian reconquest of the island of Majorca.
• The First Battle of Cannanore commences, seeing the first use of the naval line of battle.
• The British East India Company is chartered.
• The expedition of John Narborough leaves Corral Bay, having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.
• Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000-year lease at £45 per annum and starts brewing Guinness.

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• The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire.
• Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill in Ireland.
• Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.
• Hundred Years' War: Battle of La Rochelle.
• Wars of the Roses: Lancastrians kill the 3rd Duke of York and win the Battle of Wakefield.
• Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
• War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
• The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi Indian tribes is proclaimed.
• The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
• Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.
• Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, the United States Army and Lakota warriors face off in the Drexel Mission Fight.
• Filipino patriot and reform advocate José Rizal is executed by a Spanish firing squad in Manila.

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• Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor Charles II.
• Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II; he subsequently becomes a saint and martyr in the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.
• The Battle of Garigliano (1503) was fought between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo.
• Portuguese forces under the command of Francisco de Almeida attack Khambhat at the Battle of Dabul.
• According to John Smith, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan leader Wahunsenacawh, successfully pleads for his life after tribal leaders attempt to execute him.
• American Revolutionary War: Three thousand British soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell capture Savannah, Georgia.
• USS Constitution, under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, captures HMS Java off the coast of Brazil after a three-hour battle.
• The Treaty of New Echota is signed, ceding all the lands of the Cherokee east of the Mississippi River to the United States.
• The United States annexes the Republic of Texas.
• The launch of HMS Warrior, with her combination of screw propeller, iron hull and iron armour, renders all previous warships obsolete.
• The military coup of Gen. Martinez Campos in Sagunto ends the failed First Spanish Republic and the monarchy is restored as Prince Alfonso is proclaimed King of Spain.
• The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs, leaving 64 injured and 92 dead at Ashtabula, Ohio.

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• A papal conclave begins, resulting in the election of Pope Boniface I.
• Alaric II succeeds his father Euric and becomes king of the Visigoths. He establishes his capital at Aire-sur-l'Adour (Southern Gaul).
• An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin, Armenia.
• Edward the Confessor's Romanesque monastic church at Westminster Abbey is consecrated.
• The reign of Emperor Hanazono of Japan begins.
• The Marathas defeat the Adilshahi forces in the Battle of Kolhapur.
• King Taksin's coronation achieved through conquest as a king of Thailand and established Thonburi as a capital.
• Construction of Yonge Street, formerly recognized as the longest street in the world, begins in York, Upper Canada (present-day Toronto).
• John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign. He resigned after being elected Senator from South Carolina.
• Osceola leads his Seminole warriors in Florida into the Second Seminole War against the United States Army.
• South Australia and Adelaide are founded.

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• The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated.
• The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World.
• The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and preaching the Apocalypse.
• Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.
• The Flushing Remonstrance articulates for the first time in North American history that freedom of religion is a fundamental right.
• Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which allows Portugal to export wines to England on favorable trade terms.
• War of 1812: The destruction of the schooner USS Carolina brings to an end Commodore Daniel Patterson's makeshift fleet, which fought a series of delaying actions that contributed to Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
• Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard HMS Beagle, during which he will begin to formulate his theory of evolution.
• The worst ever avalanche in England occurs at Lewes, Sussex, killing eight people.
• Ether anesthetic is used for childbirth for the first time by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.
• Having coined the phrase "manifest destiny" the previous July, journalist John L. O'Sullivan argued in his newspaper New York Morning News that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon Country.
• "Jana Gana Mana", the national anthem of India, is first sung in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress.

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• Berengar I is elected as king of Italy by the lords of Lombardy. He is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Pavia.
• Battle of Westbroek: An army of 4,000 to 5,000 soldiers raised by David of Burgundy, Bishop of Utrecht, attacks an armed mob of people from nearby Utrecht who were trying to avenge the massacre of the inhabitants of Westbroek.
• Second Battle of Anandpur: In the Second Battle of Anandpur, Aurangzeb's two generals, Wazir Khan and Zaberdast Khan executed two children of Guru Gobind Singh, Zorawar Singh aged eight and Fateh Singh aged five, by burying them alive into a wall.
• American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Trenton, the Continental Army attacks and successfully defeats a garrison of Hessian forces.
• Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution.
• Second Battle of Wissembourg: France defeats Austria.
• Henry Lee III's eulogy to George Washington in congress declares him as "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen".
• Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg.
• Battles of Pultusk and Golymin: Russian forces hold French forces under Napoleon.
• A theater fire in Richmond, Virginia kills the Governor of Virginia George William Smith and the president of the First National Bank of Virginia Abraham B. Venable.
• Advocates of liberalism in Russia rise up against Czar Nicholas I in the Decembrist revolt, but are later suppressed.

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• Forces of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han, under the command of Wu Han, conquer the separatist Chengjia empire, reuniting China.
• A temple to Sol Invictus is dedicated in Rome by Emperor Aurelian.
• Roman Emperor Constantine the Great elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar.
• First documentary sign of Christmas celebration in Rome.
• Augustine of Canterbury and his fellow-labourers baptise in Kent more than 10,000 Anglo-Saxons.
• The coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome.
• Eastern Emperor Leo V is murdered in a church of the Great Palace of Constantinople by followers of Michael II.
• The foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary: Hungary is established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary.
• Sweyn Forkbeard takes control of the Danelaw and is proclaimed king of England.

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• Chinese emperor Xiao Yan names Xiao Tong his heir designate.[citation needed]
• Pope John IV is elected, several months after his predecessor's death.
• Tang dynasty poet Du Fu departs for Chengdu, where he is hosted by fellow poet Pei Di.
• The capital of the crusader County of Edessa falls to Imad ad-Din Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.
• Pope Boniface VIII is elected, replacing St. Celestine V, who had resigned.
• A joint Venetian-Spanish fleet captures the Castle of St. George on the island of Cephalonia.
• The Marathas defeat the combined forces of the Mughal Empire, Rajputs of Jaipur, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Awadh and Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Bhopal.[citation needed]
• The Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise fails to kill Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Representatives of the United Kingdom and the United States sign the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812.

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