A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
• English victory over a Franco-Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate.
• Turco-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.[full citation needed]
• James VI of Scotland is proclaimed King James I of England and Ireland, upon the death of Elizabeth I.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei, and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo, Japan.
• The Province of Carolina is granted by charter to eight Lords Proprietor in reward for their assistance in restoring Charles II of England to the throne.
• Johann Sebastian Bach dedicated six concertos to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt, now commonly called the Brandenburg Concertos, BWV 1046–1051.
• Great Britain passes the Quartering Act, which requires the Thirteen Colonies to house British troops.
• In Kraków, Tadeusz Kościuszko announces a general uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia, and assumes the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.
• The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, allowing Catholics to serve in Parliament.

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• The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
• Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last religious community to be closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
• The Peace of Longjumeau is signed, ending the second phase of the French Wars of Religion.
• American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech – "Give me liberty, or give me death!" – at St. John's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Virginia.
• Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death inside his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle.
• After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home.
• Greek War of Independence: Battle and fall of city of Kalamata.
• A massive earthquake destroys the former capital Inwa of the Konbaung dynasty, present-day Myanmar.
• The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded.
• Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City.
• American Civil War: The First Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Although a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond.
• The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law.
• War of the Pacific: The Battle of Topáter, the first battle of the war is fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru.
• Sino-French War: Chinese victory in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao near Hưng Hóa, northern Vietnam.

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• Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
• Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
• Æthelred of Wessex is defeated by a Danish invasion army at the Battle of Marton.
• Battle of Yashima: the Japanese forces of the Taira clan are defeated by the Minamoto clan.
• Vox in excelso: Pope Clement V dissolves the Order of the Knights Templar.
• Ferdinand II of Aragon commissions Amerigo Vespucci chief navigator of the Spanish Empire.
• The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
• Jamestown massacre: Algonquians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony's population, during the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables.
• Anne Hutchinson is expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious dissent.
• Nader Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city, stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne.
• The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act that introduces a tax to be levied directly on its American colonies.

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• Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the Vivarium, by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.
• Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem.
• Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid.
• Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
• On the day of his execution in Oxford, former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer deviates from the scripted sermon by renouncing the recantations he has made and adds, "And as for the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy, and Antichrist with all his false doctrine."
• A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins.
• With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
• The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis near Alexandria in Egypt.
• Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law.
• Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.

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• Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed Roman emperor.
• Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka.
• The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish noblemen are publicly beheaded in the aftermath of the War against Sigismund (1598-1599).
• The Dutch East India Company is established.
• Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment.
• After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
• German revolutions of 1848-49: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.
• The Republican Party of the United States is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin, US.
• An earthquake destroys Mendoza, Argentina.
• The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is signed.

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• The Byzantine-Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
• A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen ends the Song dynasty in China.
• The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England.
• Frederick III of Habsburg is the last Holy Roman Emperor crowned by medieval tradition in Rome by Pope Nicholas V
• The Edict of Amboise is signed, ending the first phase of the French Wars of Religion and granting certain freedoms to the Huguenots.
• The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring it "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
• Explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle, searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River, is murdered by his own men.
• Charles IV, king of Spain, abdicates after riots and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez. His son, Ferdinand VII, takes the throne.
• The Cortes of Cádiz promulgates the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
• First documented bank heist in U.S. history, when burglars stole $245,000 (1831 values) from the City Bank (now Citibank) on Wall Street. Most of the money was recovered.

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• Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (aka Caligula = Little Boots) emperor.
• An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula leaves up to 20,000 dead.
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
• First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city.
• Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
• Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of the Romans.
• Valletta is made the capital city of Malta.
• Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
• The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.

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• Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius.
• Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him.
• Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England.
• Turko-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.
• American Revolution: The British Army evacuates Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city.
• The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy.
• The Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch.
• The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand Wars.
• The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed.
• The first railway line of Finland between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, called Päärata, is officially opened.
• SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board.

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• Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
• Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
• Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur.
• Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."
• The Long Parliament of England is dissolved so as to prepare for the new Convention Parliament.
• The Army Corps of Engineers is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point.
• Prince Willem proclaims himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the first constitutional monarch in the Netherlands.
• The Wanderers F.C. win the first FA Cup, the oldest football competition in the world, beating Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1-0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.
• In Melbourne, the representatives of five colonies adopt a constitution, which would become the basis of the Commonwealth of Australia.[page needed]
• The 7th and 10th US cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the US-Mexico border to join the hunt for Pancho Villa.
• Finnish Civil War: Battle of Länkipohja is infamous for its bloody aftermath as the Whites execute 70-100 capitulated Reds.

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• Odoacer, the first barbarian King of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, is slain by Theoderic the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, while the two kings were feasting together.
• Michael III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire, overthrows the regency of his mother, empress Theodora (wife of Theophilos) with support of the Byzantine nobility.
• Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya enters Sa'dah and founds the Zaydi Imamate of Yemen.
• After a ten-year truce, German King Henry the Fowler defeats a Hungarian army at the Battle of Riade near the Unstrut river.
• Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V, Count of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens, a Crusader state in Greece.
• Mughal Emperor Akbar abolishes the jizya tax on non-Muslim subjects.
• King Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, granting limited religious freedom to all Christians.
• In an emotional speech in Newburgh, New York, George Washington asks his officers not to support the Newburgh Conspiracy. The plea is successful and the threatened coup d'état never takes place.
• A revolution breaks out in Hungary, and the Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the reform party.
• France and Vietnam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.
• Archbishop of New York John McCloskey is named the first cardinal in the United States.
• First ever official cricket test match is played: Australia vs England at the MCG Stadium, in Melbourne, Australia.
• Start of the Anglo-Tibetan War of 1888.
• The first parliamentary elections of Finland (at the time the Grand Duchy of Finland) are held.

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