• Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King Louis III of France is defeated by the Norse Great Heathen Army at Lüneburg Heath in Saxony.
• Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
• Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes king of Burgundy.
• The Battle of Lincoln, at which Stephen, King of England is defeated and captured by the allies of Empress Matilda.
• Terra Mariana, eventually comprising present-day Latvia and Estonia, is established.
• Wars of the Roses: The Battle of Mortimer's Cross results in the death of Owen Tudor.
• Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Inverlochy.
• New Amsterdam (later renamed The City of New York) is incorporated.

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• The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
• The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights (Prussia).
• The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the island of Taiwan after a nine-month siege.
• The Kalabalik or Skirmish at Bender results from the Ottoman sultan's order that his unwelcome guest, King Charles XII of Sweden, be seized.
• French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
• Mayon in the Philippines erupts, killing around 1,200 people, the most devastating eruption of the volcano.
• Slavery is abolished in Mauritius.
• American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States and joins the Confederacy a week later.
• Second Schleswig War: Prussian forces crossed the border into Schleswig, starting the war.
• President Abraham Lincoln signs the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• The first volume (A to Ant) of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
• Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio, the Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey.

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• Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
• The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the throne as King Eric X of Sweden.
• The Treaty of Lyon ends the Italian War, confirming French domination of northern Italy, while Spain receives the Kingdom of Naples.
• Eighty Years' War and Anglo-Spanish War: The Battle of Gembloux is a victory for Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria over a rebel army of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloons.
• Gunpowder Plot: Four of the conspirators, including Guy Fawkes, are executed for treason by hanging, drawing and quartering, for plotting against Parliament and King James.
• The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.
• Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina).
• After the Milwaukee Bridge War, the United States towns of Juneautown and Kilbourntown unify to create the City of Milwaukee.
• Alvan Graham Clark discovers the white dwarf star Sirius B, a companion of Sirius, through an 18.5-inch (47 cm) telescope now located at Northwestern University.
• American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery, and submits it to the states for ratification.

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• Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
• King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
• An estimated 200 square miles (51,800 ha) along the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England are destroyed by massive flooding, resulting in an estimated 2,000 deaths.
• Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.
• Charles I of England is executed in Whitehall, London.
• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, is ritually executed more than two years after his death, on the 12th anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.
• The Forty-seven rōnin, under the command of Ōishi Kuranosuke, avenge the death of their master, by killing Kira Yoshinaka.
• Tây Sơn forces emerge victorious against Qing armies and liberate the capital Thăng Long.
• The original Lower Trenton Bridge (also called the Trenton Makes the World Takes Bridge), which spans the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.
• Edward Bransfield sights the Trinity Peninsula and claims the discovery of Antarctica.

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• Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
• Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler of the Buyid Empire. He is succeeded by Al-Muti as caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.
• War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
• Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.
• "The Raven" is published in The Evening Mirror in New York, the first publication with the name of the author, Edgar Allan Poe.
• Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress.
• Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War.
• Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.
• The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children.
• Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile.
• Liliʻuokalani is proclaimed the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
• Charles Curtis of Kansas becomes the first Native American U.S. Senator.
• Mexican Revolution: Mexicali is captured by the Mexican Liberal Party, igniting the Magonista rebellion of 1911.

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• On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
• The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession of his son Louis the Pious as ruler of the Frankish Empire.
• Robert de Comines, appointed Earl of Northumbria by William the Conqueror, rides into Durham, England, where he is defeated and killed by rebels. This incident leads to the Harrying of the North.
• Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is lifted after he humbles himself before Pope Gregory VII at Canossa in Italy.
• The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.
• Edward VI, the nine-year-old son of Henry VIII, becomes King of England on his father's death.
• The Edict of Torda prohibits the persecution of individuals on religious grounds in John Sigismund Zápolya's Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
• Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning freedom of religion in Poland.
• Execution of Agnes Sampson, accused of witchcraft in Edinburgh.
• Sir Thomas Warner founds the first British colony in the Caribbean, on the island of Saint Kitts.
• Original city of Panama (founded in 1519) is destroyed by a fire when privateer Henry Morgan sacks and sets fire to it. The site of the previously devastated city is still in ruins (see Panama Viejo).
• The Russian Academy of Sciences is founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, by Peter the Great, and implemented by Senate decree. It is called the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences until 1917.
• Sir Horace Walpole coins the word serendipity in a letter to a friend.
• Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is first published in the United Kingdom.

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• Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
• The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
• Henry VI, the son and heir of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, marries Constance of Sicily.
• Dante Alighieri is condemned in absentia and exiled from Florence.
• Mustafa II becomes the Ottoman sultan and Caliph of Islam in Istanbul on the death of Ahmed II. Mustafa rules until his abdication in 1703.
• Spanish forces clash with indigenous Huilliches of southern Chile in the battle of Río Bueno.
• American Revolutionary War: Henry Knox's "noble train of artillery" arrives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• The University of Georgia is founded, the first public university in the United States.
• A Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev discovers the Antarctic continent, approaching the Antarctic coast.
• Boshin War: The Battle of Toba-Fushimi begins, between forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and pro-Imperial factions; it will end in defeat for the shogunate, and is a pivotal point in the Meiji Restoration.

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• The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
• The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tsardom of Russia in the Battle of Ula during the Livonian War.
• For the first time, the Ottoman Empire permanently cedes territory to the Christian powers.
• The 8.7-9.2 Mw Cascadia earthquake takes place off the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese records.
• The British First Fleet, led by Arthur Phillip, sails into Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) to establish Sydney, the first permanent European settlement on Australia. Celebrated as Australia Day.
• The Rum Rebellion is the only successful (albeit short-lived) armed takeover of the government in New South Wales.
• Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state.
• James Bremer takes formal possession of Hong Kong Island at what is now Possession Point, establishing British Hong Kong.
• Point No Point Treaty is signed in Washington Territory.
• First Battle of Seattle: Marines from the USS Decatur drive off American Indian attackers after all-day battle with settlers.
• American Civil War: The state of Louisiana secedes from the Union.
• American Civil War: General Ambrose Burnside is relieved of command of the Army of the Potomac after the disastrous Fredericksburg campaign. He is replaced by Joseph Hooker.

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• After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
• In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty.
• Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.
• Coronation of Francis I of France takes place at Reims Cathedral, where the new monarch is anointed with the oil of Clovis and girt with the sword of Charlemagne.
• Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn.
• São Paulo, Brazil, is founded by Jesuit priests.
• Battle of Mikatagahara: In Japan, Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• Luanda, the capital of Angola, is founded by the Portuguese navigator Paulo Dias de Novais.
• Walter Raleigh is knighted, shortly after renaming North America region "Virginia", in honor of Elizabeth I, Queen of England, sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen".
• The Battle of Ayubale results in the destruction of most of the Spanish missions in Florida.
• Moscow University is established on Tatiana Day.
• Port Egmont, the first British settlement in the Falkland Islands near the southern tip of South America, is founded.
• The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791 and splits the old Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.

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• Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula.
• The Council of Basel suspends Pope Eugene IV.
• Matthias Corvinus is elected King of Hungary.
• King Henry VIII of England suffers an accident while jousting, leading to a brain injury that historians say may have influenced his later erratic behaviour and possible impotence.
• Arauco War: Spanish and Mapuche authorities meet in the Parliament of Boroa renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín in 1641 and 1647.
• King Charles II of England dissolves the Cavalier Parliament.
• During the Seven Years' War the leading burghers of Königsberg submit to Elizabeth of Russia, thus forming Russian Prussia (until 1763).
• Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a revolt, which is instrumental in ending slavery there 50 years later.
• California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento.

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