A Daily Dose of History: Events on this Day in History

• Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
• The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
• Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries, adopting the baptismal name of João I.
• Angered by the brutal onslaught of Spanish troops at Fort Caroline, a French force has burned the San Mateo fort and massacred hundreds of Spaniards.
• Treaty of Loudun ends a French civil war.
• A total solar eclipse is visible across northern Europe and northern Asia, as predicted by Edmond Halley to within four minutes accuracy.
• The Constitution of May 3 (the first modern constitution in Europe) is proclaimed by the Sejm of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• Washington, D.C. is incorporated as a city after Congress abolishes the Board of Commissioners, the District's founding government. The "City of Washington" is given a mayor-council form of government.
• Finnish War: Sweden loses the fortress of Sveaborg to Russia.
• Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who rose up on May 2 are executed near Príncipe Pío hill.
• Neapolitan War: Joachim Murat, King of Naples, is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Tolentino, the decisive engagement of the war.
• The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway is opened; it is the first steam-hauled passenger railway to issue season tickets and include a tunnel.
• The University of Athens is founded in Athens, Greece.
• The May Uprising in Dresden begins: The last of the German revolutions of 1848-49.

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• King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
• William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great.
• Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprisoned on charges of adultery, incest, treason and witchcraft.
• John Knox returns from exile to Scotland to become the leader of the nascent Scottish Reformation.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle.
• The King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time in London, England, by printer Robert Barker.
• Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Latin Patriarch of Ethiopia, arrives at Beilul from Goa.
• King Charles II of England grants a permanent charter to the Hudson's Bay Company to open up the fur trade in North America.
• Outbreak of the Peninsular War: The people of Madrid rise up in rebellion against French occupation. Francisco de Goya later memorializes this event in his painting The Second of May 1808.
• The Siege of Cuautla during the Mexican War of Independence ends with both sides claiming victory after Mexican rebels under José María Morelos y Pavón abandon the city after 72 days under siege by royalist Spanish troops under Félix María Calleja.
• After anchoring nearby, Captain Charles Fremantle of HMS Challenger, declares the Swan River Colony in Australia.
• American Civil War: Stonewall Jackson is wounded by friendly fire while returning to camp after reconnoitering during the Battle of Chancellorsville. He succumbs to pneumonia eight days later.
• Peruvian defenders fight off the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Callao.

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• Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
• The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
• Norman mercenaries land at Bannow Bay in Leinster, marking the beginning of the Norman invasion of Ireland.
• Wars of Scottish Independence end: By the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, England recognises Scotland as an independent state.
• The Act of Union joining England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain takes effect.
• Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus, and the formal start date of plant taxonomy adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
• The Slave Trade Act 1807 takes effect, abolishing the slave trade within the British Empire.
• Execution of the Cato Street Conspirators, who plotted to kill the British Cabinet and Prime Minister Lord Liverpool.
• The Penny Black, the first official adhesive postage stamp, is issued in the United Kingdom.
• Hong Kong Police Force, the world's second modern police force and Asia's first, is established.
• The few remaining Mormons left in Nauvoo, Illinois, formally dedicate the Nauvoo Temple.

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• The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
• Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois.
• Spain gives Christopher Columbus his commission of exploration. He is named admiral of the ocean sea, viceroy and governor of any territory he discovers.
• Mapuche leader Lautaro is killed by Spanish forces at the Battle of Mataquito in Chile.
• Juan de Oñate begins the conquest of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.
• Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of religion to the Huguenots.
• The comedy about an expedition of soldiers is very first theatrical performance in North America, staged near El Paso for Spanish colonists.
• Eighty Years' War: Dutch Republic forces recapture a strategically important fort from Spain after a nine-month siege.
• On the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City, George Washington takes the oath of office to become the first elected President of the United States.
• The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U.S. state under the name Louisiana.
• Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation.
• A 65-man French Foreign Legion infantry patrol fights a force of nearly 2,000 Mexican soldiers to nearly the last man in Hacienda Camarón, Mexico.

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• Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.[citation needed]
• Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and becomes its vassal.
• Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orléans.
• Gran Canaria, the main island of the Canary Islands, is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile.
• Swedish War of Liberation: Swedish troops defeat a Danish force in the Battle of Västerås.
• French king Louis XIII names Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of France.
• French forces commence the siege of Quebec which is held by the British.
• James Cook arrives in Australia at Botany Bay, which he names.
• American Revolutionary War: British and French ships clash in the Battle of Fort Royal off the coast of Martinique.
• The galaxy Centaurus A or NGC 5128 is discovered by James Dunlop.

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• The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire.
• Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnus Magnentius.
• Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by Hashshashin.
• Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, propounds Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō for the very first time and declares it to be the essence of Buddhism, in effect founding Nichiren Buddhism.
• The Battle of Cerignola is fought. It is noted as one of the first European battles in history won by small arms fire using gunpowder.
• Establishment of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines, the largest Catholic university in the world.
• A combined Spanish and Portuguese fleet of 52 ships commences the recapture of Bahia from the Dutch during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
• The Marathas defeat the Afghans in the Battle of Attock and capture the city.
• Maryland becomes the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution.
• Mutiny on the Bounty: Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew returns to Tahiti briefly and then sets sail for Pitcairn Island.
• France invades the Austrian Netherlands (present day Belgium and Luxembourg), beginning the French Revolutionary Wars.
• Sardinians, headed by Giovanni Maria Angioy, start a revolution against the Savoy domination, expelling Viceroy Balbiano and his officials from Cagliari, the capital and largest city of the island.
• The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.

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• Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ludi seaculares.
• Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of the more powerful Roman empresses of Late Antiquity.
• Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus).
• First War of Scottish Independence: John Balliol's Scottish army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Dunbar.
• Pope Julius II places the Italian state of Venice under interdict.
• Battle of Mactan: Explorer Ferdinand Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines led by chief Lapulapu.
• Official founding of the city of Bogotá, New Granada (nowadays Colombia), by Nikolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar.
• Cebu is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
• The relics of Saint Sava are incinerated in Belgrade on the Vračar plateau by Ottoman Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha; the site of the incineration is now the location of the Church of Saint Sava, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world
• Blind and impoverished, John Milton sells Paradise Lost to a printer for £10, so that it could be entered into the Stationers' Register.
• First Barbary War: United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The "shores of Tripoli" part of the Marines' Hymn).
• War of 1812: American troops capture York, the capital of Upper Canada, in the Battle of York.

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• Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
• Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
• The Pazzi family attack on Lorenzo de' Medici kills his brother Giuliano during High Mass in Florence Cathedral.
• Playwright William Shakespeare is baptized in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England (date of birth is unknown).
• The Virginia Company colonists make landfall at Cape Henry.
• A massive earthquake devastates the Iranian city of Tabriz.
• The Royal Academy of Arts hosts its first art opening.
• Sybil Ludington, aged 16, rode 40 miles (64 km) to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British regular forces
• Battle of Beaumont during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.
• Napoleon Bonaparte signs a general amnesty to allow all but about one thousand of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France.
• Thousands of meteor fragments fall from the skies of L'Aigle, France; the event convinces European scientists that meteors exist.

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• The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate. Muslim control over the South Caucasus is solidified and its Islamization begins, while several major Armenian nakharar families lose power and their remnants flee to the Byzantine Empire.
• After mistreatment and disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, pope Leo III flees to the Frankish court of king Charlemagne at Paderborn for protection.
• Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
• Transition from Ming to Qing: The Chongzhen Emperor, the last Emperor of Ming China, commits suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.
• A coalition of Britain, the Netherlands and Portugal is defeated by a Franco-Spanish army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
• Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine.
• Charles Fremantle arrives in HMS Challenger off the coast of modern-day Western Australia prior to declaring the Swan River Colony for the British Empire.
• Thornton Affair: Open conflict begins over the disputed border of Texas, triggering the Mexican-American War.

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• Battle of Mühlberg. Duke of Alba, commanding Spanish-Imperial forces of Charles I of Spain, defeats the troops of Schmalkaldic League.
• Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Dauphin of France, François, at Notre Dame de Paris.
• The first regular newspaper in British Colonial America, The Boston News-Letter, is published.
• French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is acquitted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of charges brought by the Girondin in Paris.
• The United States Library of Congress is established when President John Adams signs legislation to appropriate $5,000 to purchase "such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress".
• The great fire in Surat city of India caused more than 500 deaths and destruction of more than 9000 houses.
• Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.
• American sharpshooter Annie Oakley is hired by Nate Salsbury to be a part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West.
• Joshua Slocum, the first person to sail single-handedly around the world, sets sail from Boston, Massachusetts aboard the sloop "Spray".
• The Woolworth Building, a skyscraper in New York City, is opened.
• The Franck-Hertz experiment, a pillar of quantum mechanics, is presented to the German Physical Society.
• The arrest of 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Istanbul marks the beginning of the Armenian genocide.
• Easter Rising: Irish rebels, led by Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, launch an uprising in Dublin against British rule and proclaim an Irish Republic.

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